Colored lenses suppress blue light-emitting diode light-induced damage in photoreceptor-derived cells

Kaho Hiromoto; Yoshiki Kuse; Kazuhiro Tsuruma; Nobuyuki Tadokoro; Nobuyuki Kaneko; Masamitsu Shimazawa; Hideaki Hara

doi:10.1117/1.JBO.21.3.035004

23 March 2016 Colored lenses suppress blue light-emitting diode light-induced damage in photoreceptor-derived cells

Kaho Hiromoto, Yoshiki Kuse, Kazuhiro Tsuruma, Nobuyuki Tadokoro, Nobuyuki Kaneko, Masamitsu Shimazawa, Hideaki Hara

Author Affiliations +

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 21, Issue 3, 035004 (March 2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.21.3.035004

Abstract

Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in liquid crystal displays emit high levels of blue light, exposure to which is harmful to the retina. Here, we investigated the protective effects of colored lenses in blue LED light-induced damage to 661W photoreceptor-derived cells. We used eight kinds of colored lenses and one lens that reflects blue light. Moreover, we evaluated the relationship between the protective effects of the lens and the transmittance of lens at 464 nm. Lenses of six colors, except for the SY, PN, and reflective coating lenses, strongly decreased the reduction in cell damage induced by blue LED light exposure. The deep yellow lens showed the most protective effect from all the lenses, but the reflective coating lens and pink lens did not show any effects on photoreceptor-derived cell damage. Moreover, these results were correlated with the lens transmittance of blue LED light (464 nm). These results suggest that lenses of various colors, especially deep yellow lenses, may protect retinal photoreceptor cells from blue LED light in proportion to the transmittance for the wavelength of blue LED and the suppression of reactive oxygen species production and cell damage.

1. Introduction

Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that are commonly used as light sources in LED-backlit liquid crystal displays of various electronic appliances such as smartphones, computer screens, and LED lamps. As compared with a normal lamp, the LED lamp has several advantages, such as less heat, longer life, and good energy efficiency. Blue LEDs also display several other properties apart from being a light source. Blue light has been reported to be lethal to insects.¹ Additionally, blue LED light is shown to display a therapeutic effect in seasonal affective disorder.² However, blue LED emits only short-wavelength high-energy visible light and long-time video display terminal works expose human eyes to blue LED light. Further, its night-time exposure can suppress the secretion of melatonin, resulting in sleep disorders.³^–⁵ Moreover, exposure to blue LED light leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).⁶ Oxidative stress induced by ROS is known to trigger photoreceptor cell⁷ and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death.⁸ Oxidative stress-induced RPE cell death may become a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the main cause of blindness in industrialized nations.⁹^,¹⁰ Therefore, overexposure to blue light may be a risk for the progression of AMD.⁸^,⁹ While wet AMD can be treated by several antiangiogenic drugs such as Ranibizumab,¹¹ there is no effective treatment yet for dry AMD.

One of the easiest ways to reduce the risks of acquiring blue light exposure-mediated sleep disorder and AMD⁵^,¹² is to wear blue light-blocking lenses. A blue light–cutting lens is a yellow lens, which absorbs almost all blue light, or a colorless lens, whose surface is processed to reflect blue light. In this study, the protective effect of light colored lenses on a blue LED light-induced murine photoreceptor-derived cell damage model was investigated by evaluating cell viability, the rate of cell death, and ROS production. Some colored lenses had a protective effect in this model. Notably, our findings showed that the transmittance of blue light is in large correlation with the protective effect of colored lenses in a blue LED light-induced cell damage model. This result strongly suggested that the consideration of an amount of blue light was important in the protection of eyes from light-related eye diseases such as AMD.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1.

Cell Culture

The murine photoreceptor-derived cell line (661W) was kindly gifted by Dr. Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi (Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma).

The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Wako, Osaka, Japan) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri), $100 U / mL$ penicillin (Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and $100 μ g / mL$ streptomycin (Meiji Seika) under 5% ${CO}_{2}$ atmosphere at 37°C. The cells were passaged every 2 to 3 days by trypsinization.

2.2.

Photoreceptor-Derived Cell Damage Induced by Blue Light-Emitting Diode

The 661W cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of $3 \times 10^{3}$ cells per well and incubated for 24 h under 5% ${CO}_{2}$ atmosphere at 37°C. Following this, the cell culture medium was replaced by DMEM containing 1% FBS, and the plates were exposed to 350 to 800 lux blue LED light for 24 h. The wavelength of blue LED light was 464 nm.¹³ Control groups were shaded by aluminum foil and lens groups were placed on lenses, while exposing experimental groups to blue LED light.

2.3.

Colored Lenses

RETINEX lenses, blue light–reflecting lenses, and Y50, the cutting filter below 500 nm (HOYA, Tokyo, Japan), were used for all experiments. Evaluated colors were Y50 filter, YE, SYD, OO, OG, GN, SY, PN, and blue light–reflecting lenses (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Various colored lenses used in this study: (a) Y50 filter, (b) YE lens, (c) SYD lens, (d) OO lens, (e) OG lens, (f) GN lens, (g) SY lens, (h) PN lens, and (i) blue light antireflective coating lens.

2.4.

Cell Death Analysis by Hoechst 33342 and Propidium Iodide Staining

The 661W cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of $3 \times 10^{3}$ cells per well and incubated for 24 h in 5% ${CO}_{2}$ at 37°C. The cell culture medium was replaced by DMEM containing 1% FBS, and the plates were exposed to 350 to 800 lux blue LED light for 24 h. Following LED exposure, the plates were incubated for 12 h in 5% ${CO}_{2}$ at 37°C, and the cells were stained for 15 min with Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon) and propidium iodide (PI; Molecular Probes). Hoechst 33342 and PI were added in culture wells at final concentrations of 8.1 and $1.5 μ M$ , respectively. The stained cells were observed and images were captured by Olympus IX70 inverted epifluorescence microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

2.5.

Cell Viability Assay

Cell viability was assayed using CCK-8 (Dojin Kagaku, Kumamoto, Japan). The 661W cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of $3 \times 10^{3}$ cells per well and incubated for 24 h in 5% ${CO}_{2}$ at 37°C. Following this, the cell culture medium was replaced by DMEM containing 1% FBS, and the plates were exposed to 350 to 800 lux blue LED light for 24 h. Subsequently, CCK-8 reagents ( $10 μ L / well$ ) were added in each well and incubated for 0 to 2 h, after which the optical density at 450 nm was measured with a microplate reader (Varioskan Flash 2.4; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts).

2.6.

Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species Production

The 661W cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of $3 \times 10^{3}$ cells per well and incubated for 24 h in 5% ${CO}_{2}$ at 37°C. Following this, the culture medium was replaced by DMEM containing 1% FBS, and the plates were exposed to 350 to 800 lux blue LED light for 24 h. ROS were then measured by 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H₂DCFDA; Eugene, Oregon). CM-H₂DCFDA ( $10 μ M$ ) was added to the wells and incubated for 0 to 1 h in 5% ${CO}_{2}$ at 37°C. Fluorescence was measured by a microplate reader at 485/535 nm. The number of live cells was counted by Hoechst and PI staining.

2.7.

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as the $mean \pm S.E.M$ . Statistical comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. $p < 0.05$ was considered statistically significant. Correlation value was calculated by Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient.

3. Results

3.1.

Rate of Cell Death Was Decreased in Several Lens Groups

The rate of cell death was calculated based on Hoechst 33342 positive and PI positive cells, and typical fluorescence microscopy images are shown in Fig. 2. The rate of cell death in the no-lens group was observed to increase by 7% to 12% (Fig. 3). The rate of cell death in the Y50 filter, YE, SYD, OO, OG, GN, SY, and PN lens groups was significantly decreased in comparison with the no-lens group [Figs. 3(a)–3(h)]. The rate of cell death in the reflective coating lens group did not show any decrease as compared with the no-lens group [Fig. 3(i)].

Fig. 2

Effect of colored lenses on blue LED light-induced damage in 661W cells. Fluorescence microscopy images after staining with Hoechst 33342 (blue) and PI (red). Live cells were stained with Hoechst 33342, and dead cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 and PI. (a) Y50 filter, (b) YE, (c) SYD, (d) OO, (e) OG, (f) GN, (g) SY, and (h) PN lenses decreased the number of dead cells. (i) Reflective coating lenses did not decrease the number of dead cells. $Scale bar = 100 μ m$ .

Fig. 3

Effect of colored lenses on the rate of cell death upon blue LED light-induced damage in 661W cells. The total number of Hoechst 33342 and PI positive cells was counted, and the rate of cell death was calculated as the percentage of PI positive cells to the number of total cells. Rate of cell death increased upon blue LED light exposure. (a) Y50 filter, (b) YE, (c) SYD, (d) OO, (e) OG, (f) GN, (g) SY, and (h) PN lenses decreased the rate of cell death in comparison with the no-lens group. (i) Reflective coating lenses did not decrease the rate of cell death compared with the no-lens group. Data are expressed as $mean \pm SEM$ ( $n = 6$ ). ^## $p < 0.01$ versus control; * $p < 0.05$ versus blue LED light exposure; and ** $p < 0.01$ versus blue LED light exposure (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test).

3.2.

Several Lens Groups Improved Cell Viability

Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 and was observed to decrease upon blue LED light exposure. In comparison with the control group, the cell viability in the no-lens group decreased by 30% to 50% (Fig. 4). Further, cell viability was significantly improved in the Y50 filter, YE, SYD, OO, OG, and GN lens groups as compared with the no-lens group [Figs. 4(a)–4(f)]. Cell viability was not improved in the SY, PN, and reflective coating lens groups as compared with the no-lens group [Figs. 4(g)–4(i)].

Fig. 4

Effect of colored lenses on cell viability upon blue LED light-induced damage in 661W cells. Cell viability was assayed by CCK-8 and was reduced upon blue LED light exposure. (a) Y50 filter, (b) YE, (c) SYD, (d) OO, (e) OG, and (f) GN lenses significantly improved cell viability compared with the no-lens group. (g) SY, (h) PN, and (i) reflective coating lenses did not improve cell viability compared with the no-lens group. Data are expressed as $mean \pm SEM$ ( $n = 6$ ). ^## $p < 0.01$ versus control; and ** $p < 0.01$ versus blue LED light exposure (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test).

3.3.

Reactive Oxygen Species Production Was Decreased in Several Lens Groups

CM-H₂DCFDA was used as the fluorescent probe for detecting ROS production. The level of ROS production was increased upon exposure to blue LED light. A 350% to 600% increase in the level of ROS production was observed in the no-lens group as compared with the control group (Fig. 5). Furthermore, compared with the no-lens group, ROS production was significantly decreased in the Y50 filter, YE, SYD, OO, OG, GN, and SY lens groups [Figs. 5(a)–5(g)]. The level of ROS production in the PN and reflective coating lens groups did not decrease as compared with the no-lens group [Figs. 5(h)–5(i)].

Fig. 5

Effect of colored lenses on ROS production upon blue LED light-induced damage in 661W cells. ROS production was measured by fluorescence intensity 1 h after the addition of CM-H₂DCFDA, and ROS levels increased upon exposure to blue LED light. (a) Y50 filter, (b) YE, (c) SYD, (d) OO, (e) OG, (f) GN, and (g) SY lenses significantly decreased the level of ROS production compared with the no-lens group. (h) PN and (i) reflective coating lenses did not decrease the level of ROS production compared with the no-lens group. Data are expressed as $mean \pm SEM$ ( $n = 6$ ). ^## $p < 0.01$ versus control; and ** $p < 0.01$ versus blue LED light exposure (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test).

3.4.

Protective Effect of Lenses Correlated with Transmittance

The transmittance of lenses at 400 to 495 nm is shown in Table 1. The protective effects of lenses against blue LED light exposure were evaluated by differences in cell viability, level of ROS production, and the rate of cell death in various groups. Here, the protective effects of various lenses were observed to correlate strongly with their transmittance (Fig. 6).

Table 1

Transmittance of lenses at 400 to 495 nm. The transmittance of lenses at 464 nm was used for calculating the correlation with their protective effects.

Wavelength\lens	Y50	YE	SYD	OO	OG	GN	SY	PN	Blue light antireflective coating
400 nm	0	2.7	0.7	1	5.7	3.5	3.3	6.9	0.033
401 nm		3.2	0.7	1.2	6.9	4.2	4	8.6	0.041
402 nm		3.7	0.8	1.3	8.1	4.9	4.7	10.3	0.048
403 nm		4.1	0.9	1.4	9.3	5.7	5.4	12.2	0.039
404 nm		4.5	0.9	1.6	10.5	6.4	6.2	14.2	0.022
405 nm		5.1	1	1.7	11.8	7.2	7	16.2	0.029
406 nm		5.5	1.1	1.9	12.9	7.9	7.8	18.1	0.142
407 nm		5.9	1.2	2.1	14.1	8.8	8.6	20.3	0.514
408 nm		6.2	1.3	2.3	15.3	9.5	9.5	22.2	1.353
409 nm		6.6	1.3	2.5	16.2	10.3	10.3	24.1	2.847
410 nm	0	6.9	1.4	2.7	17.1	11	11.1	26	5.197
411 nm		7.2	1.5	2.9	17.8	11.7	11.8	27.7	8.497
412 nm		7.5	1.6	3.1	18.6	12.5	12.7	29.3	12.823
413 nm		7.6	1.6	3.3	19.1	13	13.3	30.9	18.017
414 nm		7.8	1.8	3.6	19.6	13.8	14	32.4	23.893
415 nm		8	1.8	3.8	20.1	14.4	14.8	33.8	30.182
416 nm		8.1	1.9	4	20.5	15	15.5	35	36.578
417 nm		8.2	2	4.3	20.8	15.6	16.1	36.2	42.872
418 nm		8.3	2.1	4.6	21.2	16.2	16.8	37.4	48.704
419 nm		8.3	2.2	4.8	21.5	16.8	17.5	38.5	53.972
420 nm	0	8.4	2.3	5.2	21.9	17.4	18.2	39.6	58.616
421 nm		8.6	2.4	5.4	22.3	18	18.9	40.5	62.573
422 nm		8.6	2.6	5.8	22.8	18.6	19.6	41.6	65.939
423 nm		8.7	2.7	6.1	23.2	19.2	20.2	42.3	68.79
424 nm		8.7	2.9	6.5	23.7	19.8	20.9	43.2	71.239
425 nm		8.9	3	6.9	24.3	20.4	21.6	44	73.276
426 nm		8.9	3.2	7.3	24.8	21	22.3	44.7	74.996
427 nm		9.1	3.4	7.7	25.2	21.7	23	45.4	76.427
428 nm		9.1	3.6	8.2	25.7	22.2	23.7	46	77.648
429 nm		9.3	3.9	8.7	26.2	23	24.5	46.7	78.512
430 nm	0	9.3	4	9.2	26.5	23.5	25.1	47.5	79.232
431 nm		9.5	4.3	9.8	26.9	24.3	25.9	48.1	79.918
432 nm		9.6	4.6	10.3	27.3	25	26.7	48.8	80.44
433 nm		9.7	4.8	10.9	27.4	25.6	27.5	49.5	80.929
434 nm		9.8	5.1	11.5	27.6	26.3	28.2	50	81.398
435 nm		10	5.4	12.1	27.7	27	29	50.7	81.822
436 nm		10.2	5.8	12.8	27.7	27.7	29.9	51.3	82.115
437 nm		10.4	6.1	13.5	27.7	28.4	30.6	51.8	82.388
438 nm		10.4	6.4	14.1	27.7	29.1	31.5	52.4	82.622
439 nm		10.7	6.8	14.9	27.7	29.9	32.4	53.1	82.827
440 nm	0	10.9	7.2	15.6	27.6	30.7	33.1	53.5	82.958
441 nm		11.1	7.6	16.4	27.7	31.4	34	54	83.153
442 nm		11.3	8	17.1	27.8	32.1	34.9	54.5	83.337
443 nm		11.4	8.5	18	28.1	33	35.7	55	83.49
444 nm		11.7	9	18.8	28.3	33.7	36.5	55.5	83.644
445 nm		11.9	9.5	19.6	28.6	34.5	37.4	55.9	83.815
446 nm		12.2	10	20.5	29.3	35.4	38.4	56.4	83.925
447 nm		12.4	10.5	21.4	29.9	36.1	39.2	56.8	84.041
448 nm		12.7	11.1	22.3	30.7	37	40.1	57.3	84.14
449 nm		12.9	11.7	23.3	31.7	37.8	41.1	57.7	84.205
450 nm	0	13.3	12.4	24.2	32.9	38.7	42	58	84.234
451 nm		13.7	13	25.2	34.2	39.6	42.9	58.4	84.273
452 nm		14	13.7	26.1	35.5	40.4	43.7	58.7	84.384
453 nm		14.3	14.3	27.2	36.8	41.2	44.7	59.1	84.438
454 nm		14.5	14.9	27.9	38.2	41.9	45.4	59.3	84.456
455 nm		14.8	15.5	28.9	39.6	42.8	46.3	59.6	84.579
456 nm		15	16.2	29.8	40.9	43.4	47.1	59.9	84.592
457 nm		15.3	16.8	30.7	42.1	44.3	48	60	84.655
458 nm		15.5	17.5	31.7	43.3	45	48.8	60.4	84.656
459 nm		15.8	18.1	32.6	44.4	45.8	49.6	60.6	84.625
460 nm	0	16.2	18.9	33.5	45.4	46.5	50.5	60.8	84.603
461 nm		16.5	19.5	34.3	46.2	47.2	51.1	61	84.638
462 nm		16.8	20.2	35.2	47	47.8	51.9	61.1	84.668
463 nm		17.2	21	36	47.7	48.5	52.6	61.1	84.671
464 nm		17.5	21.8	36.7	48.2	49.2	53.3	61	84.705
465 nm		17.9	22.5	37.5	48.8	49.7	53.9	61.1	84.626
466 nm		18.3	23.3	38.3	49.3	50.3	54.5	61.1	84.691
467 nm		18.7	24.1	38.9	49.7	50.9	55.2	61.1	84.686
468 nm		19	24.8	39.6	50	51.3	55.8	61	84.671
469 nm		19.5	25.6	40.1	50.2	51.8	56.3	61	84.7
470 nm	0	19.9	26.4	40.6	50.6	52.4	56.9	60.7	84.729
471 nm		20.3	27.1	40.9	50.8	52.8	57.4	60.3	84.722
472 nm		20.8	27.9	41.5	51.1	53.3	57.9	60.2	84.734
473 nm		21.3	28.7	41.9	51.3	53.7	58.6	60	84.751
474 nm		21.7	29.5	42.2	51.3	54.1	58.9	59.7	84.753
475 nm		22.2	30.2	42.5	51.6	54.7	59.5	59.4	84.723
476 nm		22.6	31.1	42.8	51.6	54.9	59.9	59.1	84.683
477 nm		23.3	31.8	43.1	51.9	55.5	60.5	58.8	84.672
478 nm		23.6	32.5	43.2	51.9	55.8	60.8	58.4	84.732
479 nm		24.2	33.3	43.5	52.1	56.2	61.2	58.2	84.708
480 nm	0.1	24.7	34	43.6	52.2	56.5	61.6	57.7	84.704
481 nm		25.3	34.7	43.8	52.3	57	62.1	57.6	84.676
482 nm		25.9	35.6	44.2	52.5	57.6	62.7	57.6	84.658
483 nm		26.6	36.5	44.6	53	58.2	63.3	57.5	84.682
484 nm		27.3	37.2	45	53.2	58.6	63.7	57.6	84.737
485 nm		27.7	37.9	45.3	53.4	59	64.2	57.5	84.73
486 nm		28.4	38.6	45.5	53.6	59.5	64.6	57.4	84.696
487 nm		29.2	39.3	45.7	53.7	59.9	65	57.2	84.701
488 nm		29.7	40	45.8	53.9	60.3	65.3	57.1	84.705
489 nm		30.3	40.7	46.1	53.9	60.5	65.6	56.9	84.645
490 nm	8.4	31.1	41.4	46.3	54.1	60.9	66	57	84.652
491 nm		31.8	42.1	46.5	54.1	61.3	66.3	56.8	84.617
492 nm		32.5	42.7	46.6	54.3	61.5	66.6	56.6	84.611
493 nm		33.1	43.5	46.8	54.3	61.8	66.8	56.6	84.578
494 nm		33.8	44.1	46.8	54.2	62	67.1	56.4	84.541
495 nm		34.5	44.7	46.6	54.1	62	67.2	56	84.525
Average	0.85	15.08	15.73	23.33	34.92	35.78	38.58	48.82	68.09827083

Fig. 6

Correlation of protective effects of lenses with transmittance. The correlations between protective levels of lenses and their transmittance were calculated, and the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients ( $R^{2}$ ) are shown. (a) Decreased rate of cell death; (b) improved cell viability; and (c) decreased ROS production could be correlated with transmittance of lenses.

4. Discussion

Previous in vivo studies have indicated that yellow lenses protect from retinal damage induced by exposure to white or blue LED light.¹⁴^–¹⁶ However, the protective effects of colored lenses have not been investigated in vitro. Recently, we established a blue LED light-induced cell damage model using 661W photoreceptor-derived cells.¹³ The current study aimed at investigating the protective effects of colored lenses upon exposure to blue LED light using the previously established model. Further, protective effects of colored lenses and their correlation with lens transmittance at 464 nm were also evaluated.

ROS levels were found to increase in the no-lens groups, consistent with their reported increase upon blue LED light exposure.¹³ The 661W cell was damaged by blue LED light exposure in the no-lens group because ROS-induced oxidative stress and oxidative stress caused photoreceptor cell death and apoptosis.¹⁷^,¹⁸ A previous in vivo study has also confirmed photoreceptor cell death and apoptosis induced by blue light exposure.¹⁹ Our previous report also showed that blue LED light caused S-opsin aggregation related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It should be associated with reduction of the oxidative stress and ER stress by colored lenses. Specifically, colored lenses decreased the cell death through the suppression of ROS production in the present study.

The Y50 filter, YE, SYD, OO, OG, and GN lenses displayed highly protective effects against blue LED light exposure, most likely by physically blocking the blue LED light before it arrived at the 661W cells and thereby decreasing the blue LED light exposure levels of the 661W cells. As a result, 661W cell damage was migrated by these lenses. Among these, Y50, the cutting filter below 500 nm, showed the strongest protective effect against 661W cell damage induced by blue LED light exposure. Cutting filters lead to changes of transmittance properties in a particular wavelength. The Y50 filter does not transmit below the wavelength of 500 nm. Subsequently, the Y50 filter has the highest blue light absorptive capacity among the various tested colored lenses.

Yellow is known to absorb short wavelengths, consistent with which yellow-colored lenses, namely YE and SYD, also showed highly protective effects against blue LED light exposure. Recent reports have shown that yellow lenses reduce the expression of blue light-induced inflammatory markers in mice¹⁶ and have a protective effect against retinal damage induced by blue LED light exposure in rats.¹⁴ However, clear lenses showed no protective effects against blue light–induced retinal damage in both models.¹⁴^,¹⁶ Here, the reflective coating lenses showed no protective effect against 661W cell damage owing to their high transmittance at 464 nm, resulting in insufficient blockage and thereby transmittance of blue LED light through these lenses. The lenses with blue light reflective coating showed highest transmittance in the various tested colored lenses and therefore led to cell damage due to direct exposure to blue LED light. Thus, the protective effect of lenses could be correlated with their transmittance at 464 nm. Taken together, these results showed that blue light–induced photoreceptor cell death is correlated with the amount of blue light exposure. Moreover, colored lenses suppressed blue light–induced oxidative stress since the level of ROS production was correlated with lens transmittance at 464 nm.

In conclusion, lenses with low transmittance at 464 nm protected the 661W cells from blue LED light-induced damage. These colored lenses were capable of physically absorbing blue LED light and thereby suppressing blue LED light-induced retinal damage. Our findings also showed that the transmittance of blue light is in large correlation with the protective effect of colored lens in a blue LED light-induced cell damage model. This correlation strongly suggested that an amount of blue light was important in the protection of eyes. Moreover, colored lenses (such as gray and green) except for the yellow lens may have a protective effect on blue LED light-induced retinal damage.

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Kaho Hiromoto, Yoshiki Kuse, Kazuhiro Tsuruma, Nobuyuki Tadokoro, Nobuyuki Kaneko, Masamitsu Shimazawa, and Hideaki Hara "Colored lenses suppress blue light-emitting diode light-induced damage in photoreceptor-derived cells," Journal of Biomedical Optics 21(3), 035004 (23 March 2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.21.3.035004

Published: 23 March 2016

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KEYWORDS

Lenses

Blue light emitting diodes

Transmittance

Cell death

Coating

Reflectivity

Optical filters

1.

Introduction

2.

Materials and Methods