During the epidural injection procedure, identifying the exact tissue is essential. Physicians typically use the loss of resistance (LOR) to confirm the penetration of the needle into the epidural space. However, this navigation task can be challenging. The optical sensor system has the advantages of high sensitivity, resolution, and miniaturization, so it is suitable for precision biomedical applications. In this study, we presented a new FPI sensor system that simultaneously measures force and distance and an algorithm for LOR. The needle insertion experiments conducted by the user showed that the LOR success rate increased using the proposed system.
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