Paper discusses an accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of "in vivo" laser fluorescent diagnostics (LFD) in
medicine. Modern equipment and calibration standards for LFD are discussed as well. It is shown, that, in spite of the
fact that formal random errors of "in vivo" instantaneous fluorescent measurements have been previously evaluated on
a level of 30-40%, the medical accuracy and reliability of LFD could reach a quite high and informative level. Most of
the formal "random" disperses in results of the single "snapshot" measurements are associated with a changeable and
alive character of the object of diagnostics.
A lot of industry workers all over the world have dealings with a strong mechanical vibration as with daily technology processes. Very often such long-time professional vibration causes the so-called professional "vibration disease", in English literature "white fingers syndrome", caused by a local vibration of hands. Among different clinical features of the vibration disease a leader's part of them consists of different cardiovascular and trophic disorders of tissues. The objects of the present study were the peripheral blood microcirculation, peripheral blood oxygenation and tissues hypoxia state in a finger skin under vibration disease. For this purpose we have used a combined noninvasive spectrophotometry diagnostic technique consisting of Laser-Doppler Flowmetry (LDF), Laser Fluorescent Diagnostics (LFD) and Tissues Reflectance Oximetry (TRO). The results show good possibilities of all mentioned above diagnostic methods in estimation of different vascular disorders. A good correlation between persistent microcirculation disorders and trophic disturbances revealed in tissues of distal ends of upper extremities of the patients with vibration disease was estimated. Additionally, in present study with the use of real and long-time TRO and LDF methods a good correlation between LDF and TRO data including correlation in detected rhythms of blood microcirculation was estimated as well.
We suggest that organic matter transmission based on diamagnetic expel of superconductor from magnetic fields, force of magnetic levitation, can be responsible for simplest life propagation in outer space. This mechanism can account for discoveries of complex organic molecules in interstellar environment. Survey of literature shows convincingly that generally accepted theories predict superconductivity of some organic molecules and numerous references to experimental data also testify to this possibility. The received results are based on the recent discovery of the superconducting origin of the rings of Saturn made by the author [41, 42].
The laser “in vivo” autofluorescence diagnostics is now widely studied and applied in different areas of medicine, such as an oncology, dermatology, etc. Recently we have reported of created new professional multiwave laser diagnostic system (MLDS) for this purpose under the international scientific research and development project #1001 supported by the International Scientific and Technology Center. This presentation lights some results of application of the MLDS in a real clinical practice at Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute “MONIKI”, Department of Radiology. With the use of MLDS we investigated a skin and oral cavity cancer endogenous fluorescence before, during and after standard radiotherapy treatment. A statistical analysis showed that the best radiotherapy result was achieved for the patients with a small initial porfirines’ autofluorescence and a great initial flavines’ one from irradiated tumor tissues. It was shown that each radiotherapy procedure has an influence on a tissues’ autofluorescence intensity. The tendencies in porfirines’ fluorescence during a treatment course can be an additional prognostic factor for the prediction of the efficacy of a radiotherapy treatment. Moreover, it was estimated that a number of non-cancerous skin disease has a typical “cancer” initial autofluorescence, that makes it difficult to distinguish them one from another with the use of only the fluorescence diagnostics, but opens the way to investigate the non-cancerous tissues diseases with the help of tissues endogenous fluorescence phenomenon.
It is well known that the exact and analytical theoretical solution of any physical tasks can be a powerful instrument for the analysis. But it is well known too, that in the general light transport and scattering theories, which are always used in different laser medical applications, there are only few exact and analytical approaches exist to solve the important model tasks. It can be shown that the conventional mathematic theory of the Markov processes can also provide some exact and analytical solutions for a number of practically important cases. As an example the analytical solution of 1-D pure scattering task using the Markov processes formalism is presented. Some consequences of that for the general scattering theory and for the noninvasive medical diagnostic problems are discussed as well. For instance, this solution can predict an enhanced value of the experimental estimated transport scattering coefficient if the thin sample of biotissue is used. For the laser Doppler medical flowmetry in the case of a strong scattering and a low level power of laser our result can predict the appearing of additional spectra into the tissue’s output signals which can be wrong interpreted like a conventional Doppler spectrum.
The optical noninvasive diagnostic systems are now widely applied and investigated in different areas of medicine. One of the such techniques is the noninvasive spectrophotometry, the complex diagnostic technique consisting on elastic scattering spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, fluorescent diagnostics, photoplethismography, etc. Today a lot of real optical diagnostic systems indicate the technical parameters and physical data only as a result of the diagnostic procedure. But, it is clear that for the medical staff the more convenient medical information is needed. This presentation lights the general way for development a diagnostic system’s software, which can produce the full processing of the diagnostic data from a physical to a medical level. It is shown, that this process is a multilevel (3-level) procedure and the main diagnostic result for noninvasive spectrophotometry methods, the biochemical and morphological composition of the tested tissues, arises in it on a second level of calculations.
Among different problems in different theories of laser light propagation and scattering in biological tissues there is one (especially for laser illumination), which is now not yet widely discussed in application to biomedical optics - the effect of boundary roughnesses. But this effect can have potentially a strong influence on a total light field into a tissue. So the development of different theoretical methods and models to calculate a surface scattering is the important problem in biomedical optics. One of such theoretical approach can be based on the electromagnetic wave diffraction theory (EWDT) if the peculiarities of optical waveband will be taken into account. The basis exact EWDT allows to determine the scattering field from the perfectly conducting rough surfaces in relative units or in the terms of radiophysical cross section. For light wavelengths in biomedical optics, another conducting boundary condition is needed, and the result must be presented in optical terms and absolute units. The use of EWDT in application to the biomedical optics becomes possible by means of exact comparative analysis of the essential conceptions of the photometry and diffraction theories, which has been made in this work.
The possibility of laser spectroscopy for diagnosing pathology in human tissues is studied now very intensively. But there is no total and good theoretical model for calculation of light intensity into the scattering biological tissues. TO obtain one the modified Transport equations, modified Kubelka-Munk approach and some approaches from diffraction theory were developed, studied and used. It was shown that the main problems of development of the exact and total theoretical model exists in the area of combination and accommodation of this three approaches to each other. This new theoretical model is studied and used now as the key point of the software of the real laser clinical diagnostic system.
Today, it is real the use of the laser fluorescence diagnostic systems and procedures for optical noninvasive clinical diagnostic testing of oncologic, burn, suppurative and other destructive-inflammatory processes in tissues and organs. A lot of pathology cases are accompanied by the laser induced backfluorescing flux from soft tissues. And the intensity of that can provide a medical information of disorder's state. But it can be shown, that without mathematical calculations the correct biomedical informations can't be obtained because a number of phenomena answer for increasing of intensity of backfluorescence light. So, the mathematical inverse optical task solution has to be applied in medical fluorescence diagnostic systems.
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