This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 12789, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

This essay provides an overview of bioreactor membrane (MBR) technology and its recent applications in industrial sewage treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). It begins with an introduction that outlines the importance of industrial sewage treatment and the paper's purpose. It then provides an overview of industrial sewage treatment in WWTP, the current challenges faced in this area, and the need for advanced wastewater treatment technologies. The essay discusses MBR technology, its features and advantages, and how it works in WWTP of industrial wastewater. Next, their benefits and challenges are presented with the recent application of MBR technology in industrial sewage treatment in Shanghai Jinshanwei WWTP. The essay concludes with a summary of the key points discussed, the potential future of MBR technology in industrial sewage treatment, and recommendations for further research and development of MBR technology in this field. Overall, it highlights the importance of MBR treatment methods in addressing the challenges of industrial sewage treatment and emphasizes the need for continued innovation and research in this area.

Ketogenic Diet (KD) is a diet that is high in fat and low in carbohydrates, protein, and other nutrients in appropriate proportions. At present, a significant increase in the number of scientific researches has been observed, and a large number of scientific evidence shows that ketogenic diet has a certain auxiliary effect on the central nervous system. This article reviews the research progress on the relationship between ketogenic foods and brain function and neurotransmitters, and introduces some clinical applications. KD not only has a good effect on the treatment of epilepsy, but also has a significant improvement effect on other nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, traumatic brain injury and others. Its mechanism of action includes anti-oxidative stress, antiinflammation, improving mitochondrial function and reducing iron homeostasis disorders. With the development of modern medicine, KD has been continuously applied to the adjuvant treatment of various diseases, and its safety and effectiveness have been further explored and studied. This article reviews the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of ketogenic diet on central nervous system diseases, in order to provide reference and help for the treatment and prevention of ketogenic diet for central nervous system diseases.

The intestinal flora is known as the second human genome, plays an essential role in regulating human physical health and mental health. The intestinal flora affects the central nervous system through neurological, immune, endocrine and metabolic pathways. The intestinal flora of this special group of children and adolescents is influenced by many factors and the dysbiosis of intestinal flora can affect some neuropsychiatric diseases, such as the Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and also the depression. Currently, clinical study has proven that the use of the probiotics and the fecal transplants to regulate intestinal flora has achieved good results in the treating psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the role of intestinal flora in various neuropsychiatric diseases in children and adolescents in the recent yearsl.Aiming to summarize the association between the psychiatric disorders such as ASD, ADHD and adolescent depression and gut flora. As well as this paper takes the latest clinical therapeutic research, in order to discover more potential value of gut flora regulation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a type of dementia brought on by the central nervous system (CNS)'s chronic, progressive, irreversible degeneration. Its etiology is numerous and unclear. Currently, there is no effective cure for the disease. With the aging of the population, Alzheimer's disease is receiving increasing attention. A complex ecology of thousands of bacteria make up the intestinal microbiota, both beneficial and harmful bacteria. According to recent in-depth research on intestinal flora, it has been found that it can participate in signal transmission involving the brain and the gut. The crucial role of gut microbiota in the CNS is further illustrated by the fact that intestinal microflora can affect the central nervous system in a number of different ways, such as the release of neurotransmitters. By modifying the makeup and composition of the gut microbiota, there are numerous methods to enhance cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients. This article introduces the relevant research progress in order to provide references for further research and studying of the part gut microbiota plays in Alzheimer's disease.

Pyramidal neurons are one of the most important types of neurons in the cerebral cortex, which play a key role in many cognitive and behavioral functions. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, researchers have begun to focus on developing more advanced and efficient artificial neural network models. However, the function of biological neural networks in the brain and the roles of different types of neurons are still not fully understood. Studying pyramidal neurons can help researchers develop more advanced and efficient artificial intelligence technologies. This paper aims to explore the mechanism of pyramidal neurons in synaptic integration and describes in detail the basic components of neurons, the morphological and functional characteristics of pyramidal neurons, and the structure and function of the dendritic spine. Exploring the mechanisms of spatial and temporal integration, nonlinear integration, gradient signal integration, and frequency encoding in synaptic integration of pyramidal neurons through patch clamp and high-frequency electrical stimulation methods.

Three-dimensional anatomical maps for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) can be better constructed by building a visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (vSLAM) system in clinical examination. Developing vSLAM systems is challenged by the fact that the highly variable colon environment places higher demands on visual processing. Researchers have adapted vSLAM to align with the distinct characteristics of the surgical environment, which mostly focused on offering a more reliable tracking procedure. Learning based methods were developed to extract sufficient repeatable features and to remove specular highlights which are miss-classified as features. By modifying the existing vSLAM systems and integrating with deep learning based approaches, endoscopic vSLAM has shown greater reliability, especially in dealing with deformation of organ. Due to lack of validation on public benchmarks and tracking failure, there are still under-explored issues to be addressed in the development.

Nowadays, antibiotics has been mainly used to make control of infections due to bacteria. However, bacterium has become more adapted to antibiotics, so the effect of antibiotic therapy seems to have been blunted. Scientists have found another, more suitable antimicrobial agent, that’s phage. Phage is complex, it lowers the risk of infection by having the power to get rid of the bacteria in the patient's body. The discovery of phages goes back a long way, but there have been concerns about their use. To demonstrate the effect of phages on specific bacteria, scientists conducted experiments. The trial was described as multicenter, double-blind and randomized phase 2/1, the both safety and morality are guaranteed. PP1131 or the standard of treatment was randomly assigned (1:1) to patients using a responsive, dynamic web platform and a case report form that is digital. Participants were administered PP1131 or sulfadiazine silver at day 0. The trial lasted for seven days and the period of observation was in 21 days. As a consequence, the initial endpoint was arrived in the PP1131 group in a medium time of 144 hours as opposed to a median time of 47 hours in the group receiving standard medical care. Approximately 50% of the all the participants in the PP1131 group possessed a high bacterial load, compared to 15% in the group providing the standard level of care.

The present study reviews the impact of vaccination program strategies in preventing infectious diseases spread, focusing mainly on COVID-19. Vaccination is crucial in achieving herd immunity and infectious diseases spread preventing. The COVID-19 vaccine is classified as a primary vaccine, since it is intended primarily for prevention in susceptible populations. So far, over 5.55 billion people have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine globally, accounting for approximately 72.3% of the world's population. However, vaccine hesitancy and access to vaccines pose significant challenges to achieving global vaccination coverage. To ensure equitable access to vaccines worldwide, efforts to address these challenges, such as increasing vaccine production capacity, improving distribution channels, and implementing effective communication and education campaigns, are crucial. While all the strategies discussed herein can be useful in different contexts, fractional dosing and intradermal vaccination may be more suitable for lower-income countries due to their cost-effectiveness, while heterologous vaccine regimens may be more suited to higher-income countries with greater access to multiple types of vaccines.

Primary liver cancer has a high degree of malignancy and a high incidence rate in China, ranking second in the incidence rate of malignant tumors. Its high incidence rate is mostly related to chronic hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C, alcoholic cirrhosis, etc. Some studies have shown that the positive status of virus detection in patients with chronic hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgery can promote tumor recurrence and reduce the survival rate. According to the tumor size, liver cancer can be divided into four types: first, micro liver cancer, which means that the tumor diameter is less than 2 cm. Second, small liver cancer, which means that the tumor diameter is between 2 and 5 cm. Third, large liver cancer refers to tumors with a diameter of more than 5 cm but less than 10 cm. Fourth, huge liver cancer, which means that the tumor diameter is 10 cm and above. In recent years, the incidence rate of primary liver cancer has gradually increased, which seriously threatens the life safety of patients. This paper reviews and analyzes the surgical resection (SR), laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and lumbar medial branch nerve radiofrequency ablation (LRFA) in the treatment of HCC. It can be concluded that RFA and LH turn out to be typically safe and effective HCC treatment, which help improve the prognosis of HCC patients.

Rheumatic immune diseases (AIRD) afflict billions of patients all over the world. The treatment and remission of AIRD is an important research subject in the medical field. Currently, the commonly used treatment methods include traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment, surgical treatment, and so on, these treatments need long-term adherence, while the effect varies from person to person. Also, these traditional treatments had a low cure rate and easy recurrence. The relationship between the balance of the intestinal flora and rheumatoid disease has increasingly come to the notice of researchers in recent years. According to studies, the disruption of gut flora can influence the prevalence and progression of AIRD via multiple pathways. Various experiments have shown that the regulation of bacterial balance can alleviate the symptoms of AIRD. In this study, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were taken as examples to explore the current application of regulating intestinal flora balance through diet, probiotics, and fecal bacteria transplantation in the treatment of rheumatic and immune diseases. At the same time, there are also deficiencies and Obstacles in the application that exist in this therapy. With more relevant studies and the improvement of the method, the treatment will get widespread acceptance.

Cancer continues to be a very challenging disease to treat at this time. In recent years, research has demonstrated that checkpoint inhibitors are a treatment for cancer as well as one of the immunotherapies. Moreover, these inhibitors are classified as immunotherapies. Checkpoint inhibitor medications include nivolumab and ipilimumab, among others. The checkpoint proteins PD-1 and CTLA-2 are often prevented from functioning properly by these medications. This medication will also be effective at inhibiting the activity of another type of checkpoint protein known as PD-L1. The effectiveness of checkpoint blockade in the fight against cancer has been shown in several trials. Despite this, there are still some concerns that have been raised about the situation. Toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitor still remain a problem need to improve. The fact that cTLA-2 has no impact on immunotherapy is one of the problems that will require further investigation in the near and distant futures.

The recovery of the amputees has high relation with the usage of the sensate prosthesis, where stimulation technology plays a vital role in the tactile sense delivery. This literature review aims at stating the category and advantages of the current stimulation measures by offering five former research instances. The estimate about characteristics of MT stimulation, ET stimulation and VT stimulation are also given in the study, then the conclusion is state as MT stimulation demonstrated the best accuracy, while ET stimulation has a faster transmission speed and VT stimulation is thought to be more tolerable.

Plyometric Training refers to the practice method of muscles that play the maximum strength in the shortest time. Its physiological basis is the use of elastic potential energy and the reflection principle of muscle tissue to increase the activity of the reflection of neurons. Plyometric Training are widely used in training as a strategy for enhancing explosive force. This paper uses the Meta analysis research method to investigate the intervention effect of Plyometric Training (PT) on football players' lower limbs. This study uses Review Manager 5.4 and Stata MP 17 Software to meta-analyze 187 football players from 7 included paper by countermovement jump (CMJ) test, squat jump (SJ) test, 10-meter sprint test, and 30-meter sprint test, and the Cochrane risk bias evaluation tool is used to evaluate the quality of the literature, and the random effect model is used for analysis and heterogeneity testing. The results of the study are: (1) Plyometric Training can effectively increase the height of countermovement jump (MD = 4.27, 95%CI [2.14, 6.41], P <0.05); (2) Plyometric Training can effectively increase the height of squat jump (MD = 3.1, 95%CI [0.78, 5.41], P <0.05); (3) Plyometric Training can effectively reduce the completion time of 10-meter sprint (MD =-0.11, 95%CI [-0.19, -0.03], P <0.05); (4) Plyometric Training can effectively reduce the completion time of 30-meter sprint (MD = -0.37, 95%CI [-0.46, -0.27], P <0.05). This paper found that Plyometric Training can significantly improve the explosive force of football players, including jumping ability and sprint speed. As a training method, Plyometric Training plays an important role in promoting football performance. It is recommended to develop athletes' lower limb sports ability in physical training and sport training to improve the training efficiency of athletes.

In addition to providing energy for the physiological activities of the human body, aerobic metabolism also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have physiological functions such as transmitting information and have a certain negative impact on sperm. Although ROS is produced by mitochondria, it has still been identified as the main reason for the decline of sperm vitality. The possible mechanism is the destruction of sperm cell membrane, making it difficult for sperm to combine with oocyte. Therefore, some researchers began to focus on studying the impact of ROS on sperm activity and hope to find a treatment method for sexual incompleteness. So far, a large number of experiments have proved that ROS will cause bad effects such as sperm DNA. At the same time, ROS will oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the cell membrane, resulting in damage to sperm cells and significantly decreased survivability. However, there are still some difficulties in the treatment of asthenospermia. This article mainly discusses the physiological function of ROS, the mechanism of suppressing sperm movement, the causes of ROS, related pathology in male reproductive systems, and health care and treatment methods in Chinese medicine and western medicine.

Nowadays, as a high-throughput experimental method, gene chips can obtain tens of thousands of genetic data in one experiment, which can be used to analyze the regulation of gene expression profiles, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and the development of new drugs. However, gene chip technology also produces a large amount of complex data, and the main problem we are currently facing is how to manage and analyze these data and mine meaningful biological information from them. In this paper, based on the comparative analysis of unidirectional and bidirectional clustering algorithms, a bidirectional clustering method combining unidirectional clustering and sparse singular value decomposition (SSVD) is proposed, and its effectiveness is analyzed. The improvement of the SSVD method is to use the single-way clustering method instead of manually setting parameters, and use the results obtained by the single-way clustering to ensure that the clustering of the genes is performed while the sample clustering has certain correctness. Experiments show that compared with the traditional SSVD algorithm, it has a better execution effect.

Single-cell RNA sequencing provides a methodology to analyse a specific type of cell’s gene expression under certain states simultaneously. It provides high resolution, high sensitivity and is able to detect rare cell types in order to achieve different experiment goals in clinical trials, at the same time illustrating the cell development trajectories, which allows scientists to reveal heterogeneity between different types of cells, and horizontally compare differences of genes in same cell type at its developmental stages. As a cutting-edge technology, single-cell RNA sequencing can be widely used in different types of experimental research, such as bioinformatics and molecular science, it has a promising future for development. This article introduced the development of Single-cell RNA sequencing, and it’s various approaches to encounter different purposes of using with specific types of collected sample, and discussed the applications in laboratory and why scientists prefer to use it.

Radiotherapy is currently an important modality in the treatment of malignant tumours, but while it improves patient survival, it also increases the risk of patient infection-related complications to some extent. Radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM), a common complication following radiotherapy, is commonly seen in patients with head and neck malignancies treated with radiotherapy measures. The current knowledge of RIOM has led to the development of appropriate treatment and prevention measures, but due to the lack of adequate clinical practice and evidence for most of these interventions, a more uniform and comprehensive treatment system has yet to be developed. This review will summarise the current interventions and treatments for RIOM.

Over 50 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a sneaky, advancing neurological illness that accounts for the majority of dementia. Since there is no treatment for AD, the primary objective of current drug development is to invent medications that slows down the disease progression. Two clinical manifestations, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque deposits and neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau, are the pathological characteristics of AD and serve as biomarkers for neurodegenerative illness. CT1812 is a sigma-2 receptor antagonist, mechanistically aiming to displace Aβ oligomers attached to neuronal receptors to counteract AD progression. Other drugs, following the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antibody aducanumab targeting amyloid-beta protein, recent results from clinical trials of lecanemab, donanemab and gantenerumab, revelas further information pertaining to the target of the amyloid-beta protein that associates with disease progression. In addition to this, efforts are needed to identify new and effective targets and to scale up drugs that have already undergone initial clinical trials.

Bananas (Musa acuminata) have been recognized as a common cause of food allergies worldwide. To avoid allergic reactions in patients with allergies, it is important to avoid eating bananas. Therefore, sensitive and specific banana detection methods are needed to verify bananas in food. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a fast and simple DNA-based detection method, which is mainly suitable for field application or on-site analysis and screening of allergens in food production. This work describes the systematic development and selection of LAMP primers based on multiple copy genes of banana. The chemical method used allows the detection of amplified DNA using either direct observation of precipitated products or gel electrophoresis. LAMP based on AJ277278 gene is highly specific for bananas, allowing detection sensitivity of approximately sensitivity of 3.9 × 10⁻³ ng/μL DNA extracting solution. Different banana products can be detected at the same sensitivity level. LAMP enables simple, highly specific and sensitive detection of bananas without the need for expensive analytical equipment.

Metabonomics is a new science, which analyzes all low molecular weight metabolites of a certain organism or cell from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Metabonomics uses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS) and other methods to analyze metabolites, and can identify small molecular metabolites as biomarkers for illness early detection, and at the same time can explore the pathogenesis of complex diseases. It can be found that metabonomics in the field of diagnostics although not really applied in clinical work so far, A growing number of studies using metabonomic diagnostics have been published. This paper reviews the general research methods of metabonomics and the research progress in the early diagnosis of various diseases in recent years, to promote the application of metabonomics in the field of early clinical diagnosis of diseases.

Chronic degenerative diseases are characterized by memory decline, motor dysfunction, and nerve necrosis, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc. Reasons for some of the chronic degenerative diseases’ formations are still unknown, but Brain-blood barrier (BBB) corruption is a common well-known phenomenon in these diseases. BBB model, one of the most popular in vitro models, has been made for studying chronic degenerative diseases for many decades. It can be constructed simply in a culture dish, or a more complicated model such as organ-on-a-chip. Regenerative Medicine gives chances for treating this disease without knowing its formation reasons. iBMEC differentiation protocol has been improved for many years and several 2D and 3D iBMEC BBB models have been made. Besides iMBEC, iPSC-derived neural stem cells (iNSC) are also popular topics for studying chronic degenerative diseases since they have the potential to efficiently improve the motor and brain function of the patients with chronic degenerative diseases. This paper introduces and discusses the contributions of BBB models, iPSC-induced brain nerve cells including (i)BMEC and (i)NSCs, out of which (i)NSCs brain nerve cells are induced in vitro and applied in transplanting.

Disease surveillance is used as a tool to monitor the health status and disease behavior of certain populations through systematic data collection and analysis. It is responsible for preventing the outbreak of diseases. The purpose of disease surveillance is to monitor the target population and give health workers and decision-makers accurate information, thus helping them make the right decisions and take actions to deal with upcoming situations. This paper introduces and explains the history, formation, and application of disease surveillance, indicating the importance of it to people around the globe.

As heart disease is getting more and more attention from people and with the development of machine learning. The author can use machine learning techniques to construct models to analyze patients’ physical and psychological conditions and make prediction about if or not a patient has heart disease or not based on the patient’s personal information it takes. The dataset is a collection of patients’ personal information that have different genders, race, physical condition and psychological condition and so on. Our experiment starts with data preprocessing by trimming off extreme values and incomplete values while balancing the number of data presented by different classes. The author uses four models to predict whether a patient is experiencing heart disease or not which can help patients’ to know their status and alert people not to get heart disease. The author starts with KNN, ANN then support vector machine and eventually Random Forest, the author tune model’s hyperparameters to make sure they are at their best state. At last the author will compare the accuracy with each other to find out which model is efficient and accurate in predicting heart disease.

Traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation Qi-Jing-Sheng-Bai granule (QJSB) is used for the treatment of leukopenia. Its mechanism has not been discussed in depth in previous studies, so it is not clear at present. Leucogen is also a drug used to treat leukopenia, but its mechanism at the transcriptome level is not well understood. We find the mechanism of QJSB and Leucogen's transcriptome-based treatment of leukopenia, and the similarities and differences of mechanism between the two drugs in the treatment of leukopenia in this study. The result shows that both QJSB and Leucogen might regulate arachidonic acid metabolism pathway in the treatment of leukopenia. However, the molecular biological changes associated with the treatment of leukopenia with the two drugs are very different. QJSB may also treat leukopenia by regulating primary immunodeficiency, osteoclast differentiation, and TNF signaling pathway. Leucogen can also treat leukopenia by regulating oxidative phosphorylation and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). Through these studies, we can better understand the mechanism of QJSB and Leucogen in the treatment of leukopenia, which is very important for the clinical application of QJSB, and also provides help for the choice of drugs for different leukopenia patients.

In the body, a neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries, amplifies, and balances impulses between neurons and target cells. An action potential is a quick series of voltage changes across a membrane that triggers neurotransmitter release from synapses' axonal terminals. After passing over the synaptic gap, the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor site on the opposing neuron, stimulating or inhibiting the receiving neuron or target cell with receptors that are membrane-bound receptor proteins. The permeability of each ion and the proportional ratio of extracellular to intracellular ions influence the action potential at any given time. This review will present current knowledge about neurotransmitters, receptors, and action potential work, their types, and working modalities, which would assist in better understanding interneuron communication complexity. This understanding is required for the development of effective drugs and treatment methods for neurological and psychological diseases caused by disruptions in neurotransmitter regulation.

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that eventually leads to the death of nerve cells in the brain. It usually starts at the age of 25-40 and lasts 15-20 years until death. The onset is insidious and the progress is slow, so it takes time for people to be aware of getting the disease. The main clinical symptoms are chronic progressive chorea-like movements, cognitive dysfunction, and abnormal mental behavior. As the condition progresses, the ability to speak, move, think, and swallow is gradually lost. The disease is caused by an abnormal amplification of the CAG mutation trinucleotide on the huntingtin gene IT-15 on the short arm of chromosome 4. This paper analyzes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Huntington's disease, and it is concluded that, at present, there is no cure for the disease and it can only be relieved by medicine or scientific means. For acute exacerbations, medication, physical therapy, and psychotherapy can be used to modify clinical symptoms. Until now, only symptomatic treatment, rehabilitation treatment, and effective prevention of Huntington's disease can help.

This article mainly introduces the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as people all know the cluster spaced short palindromic repetition associated (Cas) protein system, which is an immune mechanism widely present in bacteria and archaea. Because Crisper has the characteristics of efficient and accurate cutting and cracking of foreign DNA at specific sites, it has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. This paper mainly introduces the current application and development of CRISPR-Cas9 and its biggest problem — off-target problem, from the aspects of in vivo experiment and gene level, such as the construction of cell models with diseases, gene therapy for thalassemia, cell transfection and tumor. CRISPR-Cas9 can split target DNA even if the sgRNA does not match the target DNA exactly, which limits the further application of genome editing technology, especially with the methods of genetic diseases at non-targeted DNA sites. Therefore, reducing the off-target effect of CRISPR-Cas9 is of great significance for the developments and applications of this technology.

Machine learning models with well recognized algorithms such as deep learning convolutional neural network and decision trees are widely used to support healthcare worker with variety of tasks. This paper surveyed researches involving diagnose of COVID-19 as well as image analysis in cell segmentation. To make their model efficient and accurate, researchers applied methods such as decision trees with gradient boosting, Chi-square automatic interaction detection decision tree and CNN. In each research, the team had adjustments to fit their goals better and as a result, showing more potential to improve the models for health services.

Learning memory is essential for everyday living of humans. Activities taking place in different areas of the human brain including the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe give rise to learning, memory encoding, processing and retrieval. Publicly available databases, including PubMed and Scopus were searched for relevant articles using relevant keywords, such as memory, memory defects, learning. Learning is the process of acquiring information through experience and memory is related to the reservation and storing of memory in to one’s brain. The two major categories of learning are associative and non-associative learning. Memory consists of 3 parts, sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. All these takes parts in the learning cycle with the process of gathering, reflection, creating and testing. Memory retrieval can be affected by various factors such as time and memory type. Also, problems in retrieval can be caused by diseases such as dementia. Some of the diseases can be cured while others still lack an effective radical cure. This review provides a classification about learning and memory together with its mechanisms and related disorders. While our knowledge of memory encoding, processing and retrieval has been expanded significantly over the past few decades, more research is required to understand the mechanism of memory formation to find treatment for diseases associated with learning and memory.

Gene editing refers to the deletion, replacement, and insertion of target genes to obtain new functions. Nowadays, ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR-Cas are known as the three major technologies of gene editing which are used widely on more and more occasions. The common points of these three editing tools are that the recognition region contains the target DNA sequence and the DNA cleavage functional region. As a revolutionary tool in the field of life sciences, CRISPR-Cas and its derivative editing technologies may revolutionize biological research and affect personalized medicine in the future. Herein, the feature of CRISPR-Cas system and the process of discovery were summarized. Additionally, its principle mechanism was described in detail in this paper. Besides, CRISPR-Cas also played an important role in plant-related fields and gene therapy which were mentioned. However, there were problems in the application of technology, and the discussion started from the ethical controversy brought about by this technology. This review aims to deepen the understanding of gene editing technology, gain a deeper understanding of its functions, and provide theoretical support for subsequent research.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is a class of non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules with a length of about 22 nucleotides encoded by endogenous genes, which MicroRNAs can change the function of DNA-encoded proteins and play an important role in a variety of genes, such as DNA replication, transcriptional regulation and RNA synthesis. It has become one of the research hotspots in the field. This article mainly reviews the effect of This article mainly reviews the effect of MicroRNA on cancer.

Sensory substitution is an essential part of prosthetics. Rehabilitation of sensory feedback systems can considerably improve the quality of life for the disabled population. It can restore lost visual and auditory functions, and it can also enhance prosthetic limb activities by providing users with sensory feedback. The major purpose of this study was to examine prosthetic implants for auditory, olfactory, and tactile restorations. In addition, the research contributes to the literature database by discussing aspects that affect the efficacy of prosthetic sensory substitutes, as well as present technical limitations and future goals. In order to examine the current state of sensory rehabilitation utilizing prosthesis, a search of the UBC library's journal collection yielded 33 articles for this review. The title and abstract of relevant literature studies are reviewed. The complete text is then examined to confirm its legitimacy and summarize the necessary information. The finding suggests that sensory rehabilitation with prosthesis could considerably improve the quality of life for users. Tactile and visual rehabilitation are still in the research phase, although hearing prostheses have been widely adopted. Both tactile and visual substitutes require additional development prior to commercial entry. Additionally, training is typically necessary to maximize effectiveness. On the long-term effects of invasive sensory replacements, more research is required.

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death, accounting for 16 percent of the world’s total deaths. For patients, early detection and timely treatment of heart disease are significantly important. Traditional methods of diagnosing heart disease, however, are both expensive and time consuming for low-income groups. Existing research shows that by analysing large amounts of complex healthcare data, the use of machine learning in medicine can improve efficiency and lower cost. The author wants to develop a model that reads patients’ physiological characteristics to predict if they have heart disease or not. This technique provides affordable and fast access to heart disease diagnosis for low-income people. The author uses the deep neural network as model and also uses 40,000 heart disease cases from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as our data set. This data set contains 16 physiological features of patients. In the beginning, our model has the accuracy of 75.26%. After increasing the data set, our model has the accuracy of 76.63%.

Phospholipids have garnered significant research interest in recent years, primarily due to their applications in drug delivery systems such as liposomes. Utilizing bioconjugation techniques, phospholipids can serve as prodrug platforms, equipping various potent drugs with more desirable moieties and properties. Additionally, phospholipids can be conjugated to fluorescent molecules, facilitating metabolic studies by enabling the tracking and visualization of these lipids. This review primarily focuses on the role of phospholipids in prodrug development and metabolic labeling. We explore the benefits associated with phospholipid bioconjugation, highlighting recent advances in the field and providing insights into its future potential for the design and optimization of future therapeutics.

The aim of this study is to summarize the relationship between exercise and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD. With a particular focus on coronary heart disease (CAD), a structured retrieval of databases was conducted to search the types of exercise involved, including aerobic interval training (AIT), aerobic continuous training (ACT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), excessive exercise and athletic exercise. The main medical assessments include anaerobic threshold (AT), peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Besides, we also reviewed exercise and its impact on cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemic and anxiety. Exercise is effective in preventing CVD. However, excessive exercise can do harm to the cardiovascular system or even lead to sudden death, but such risks can be effectively prevented by adhering to regular exercise. Besides, medium-to-vigorous intensity training is more effective in protecting against CVD and improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).

Receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) comprise a unit of cell surface proteins that bind to ligands, which can phosphorylate tyrosine residues of the target protein. As RPTKs can make the receptor's tyrosine be transphosphorylated to transmit signals through the plasma membrane, it has been verified to be a key regulator of normal cellular processes and plays a key role in the development and progression of many types of cancer. Moreover, there are already much medicine under research based on RPTKs and their targets as the extracellular domain of RPTKs can activate RPTKs and enable signal transduction by binding to the corresponding ligands. Herein, we will first introduce the structure and functions of RPTKs. Besides, the progress of the treatment of AXL receptor for liver cancer and human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and relative medicine development will also be introduced. Furthermore, the mechanism of discoidin domain receptor (DDR) in breast cancer and fibrosis and its medicine development will be included. This assay is not only intended to help people know and understand RPTKs, but also hopes to promote research and developments of related topics.

It is very important for the development and application of emotional intelligence to study the influence of affective interaction on human behavior. This paper systematically combs the relatively accurate and objective emotion evaluation methods, specifically introduces three kinds of brain functional imaging methods and behavioral scale evaluation methods, and introduces the principle and decoding method of emotion brain-computer interface. Based on the research of emotion evaluation method and its application technology, the practical application of emotion interaction is studied. This study shows that affective interaction has a significant effect on human behavior and neurophysiology, and has important application value in medical diagnosis and treatment as well as social interaction.

At present, the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes melitus is still unclear, and clinical treatment lacks effective means of cure. In recent years, with the deepening of the understanding of "flora gut brain axis", more studies have confirmed that the structural diversity of intestinal flora and various metabolites play an important role in regulating blood glucose and other functions. Dietary fiber refers to carbohydrate substances in plant meals that the human gastrointestinal tract is unable to digest. It has the function of providing energy and enhancing body immunity, and plays a vital role in human health. Intestinal microflora can digest dietary fiber, and different dietary fiber has different regulatory effects on intestinal microorganisms, thus leading to the disease and promoting human health. In the recent past, the impact of dietary fiber and intestinal flora on T2DM has gradually attracted widespread attention of scientists. In this paper, from the influence of intestinal flora on T2DM patients and induced mechanism, and study the mechanism of dietary fiber, and to some dietary fiber to the research direction of gastrointestinal tract of diabetes patients progress is summarized and elaborated, hope to some researchers want to know this direction to help the literature.

Because of the rapid spread and mutation of a novel virus called SARS-CoV-2, the efficacy of the immunogen is limited, a specific treatment is needed immediately. This paper investigates a novel lipid nanoparticle delivery system with small interfering RNA for the treatment of viral infection. This work is divided into two directions, one is to screen candidate siRNA through three experiments, and the other is to develop and screen the formula of new lipid nanoparticles. In this work, we selected the candidate siRNA and developed a new lipid nanoparticle delivery system. This work focused on two aspects, siRNA and LNP, looking for siRNA with good inhibition performance, combined with a new delivery system of lipid nanoparticle, the method can directly Inhibit viral replication and expression. This work will help to solve other similar problems in the future, it gives a great method to solve the problems in the delivery of drugs.

Artificial intelligence (AI) as a technology that can increase efficiency and save human and material resources is growing rapidly in the medical field. Due to its high accuracy and speed, it has great potential in radiology, especially in the recognition of various imaging images. However, paediatric imaging has been neglected due to the limitations of various conditions in paediatrics, such as the large age differentiation. This essay focuses on various examples of successful attempts at AI in paediatric radiology through a literature analysis approach, analyzing its benefits and possible challenges. It also gets inspiration from other AI literatures and proposes more areas for future development. This paper has found a great deal of potential for AI in the field of paediatric medical imaging and more funding could be invested into its development.

The Mediterranean diet is recognized as a healthy and nutritious dietary pattern worldwide. It requires abundant grain and vegetable intake, and replaces part of the human body's intake of animal protein with plant protein. Due to its special food intake requirements, it has the characteristics of plant-diet and high content of dietary antioxidants. Scientists have been studying the Mediterranean diet for more than 40 years. Over the past 40 years, more and more studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet can improve human quality and prevent and cure diseases by affecting the state of gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiome. It can optimize the structure as well as the diversity of gut microbiome, and promote the digestion of food in the gastrointestinal tract, so as to achieve effective prevention and treatment of stroke, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. Compared with other common dietary patterns, the Mediterranean diet also has obvious advantages, such as reducing the possibility of obesity, preventing and treating hypertension, and has good universality. At present, there has been relatively mature and complete applied research in the field of the influence of the Mediterranean diet on gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiome, but there is still a lack of in-depth researches on the basic principles of action.

Ovarian cancer is a common gynecologic malignant tumor, and 70% of them are in the advanced stage of clinical therapy. The primary therapy for newly diagnosed ovarian carcinoma was tumor cell reduction combined with platinum-based chemotherapy. Although most patients achieve clinical remission following initiation of treatment, 70 percent of the patients have a relapse in 2-3 years, with a 5 years survival rate hovering at about 40 percent. More recently, poly- ADP ribose polymerase (ADP-ribose), PARP (PARP) inhibitors have become the first drugs that target DNA damage. PARP inhibitors are lethal by synthesizing DNA repair genes and have been approved for the treatment of BRCA mutations in ovarian and breast cancer. Through PARPDNA capture, PARP inhibitors destabilize the replication fork and cause cell death through replication stress. Inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) glycosylases (PARG) exploit and exacerbate cancer cells' replication defects. and can be used as a complement to PARP inhibitors that target various types of cancer. In this paper, I will describe the molecular mechanism of PARP inhibition, highlight the clinical features of the four PARP inhibitors, they discuss the predictive biomarkers of inhibitor susceptibility and resistance mechanism.

Fatty liver disease is now the second most common liver disease after viral hepatitis, and its increasing prevalence and younger age of onset are posing a serious threat to human health worldwide. However, as early fatty liver is a reversible disease, early diagnosis has an important impact on timely treatment measures. The majority of current liver fat prediction methods have a high threshold of understanding, and some indicators of influencing factors are difficult to obtain, which does not meet the public's need for daily self-monitoring of liver fat content and does not facilitate the detection of asymptomatic early fatty liver. This study, therefore, investigated the association between liver fat accumulation and routine biochemical indicators and waist circumference, based on the reference indicators of the FLI. This study obtained a sample size of 8451 independent individuals by drawing on publicly available data from NHANES, extracted and analyzed from NHANES 2017 to March 2020 (pre-epidemic). The type of data used included examination and laboratory data, non-invasive measurement of liver fat content using transient elastography (TE). The analysis of the correlation between Albumin, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Triglycerides, waist circumference and CAP respectively were forming by R (version 4.2.1). Through analysis, this paper found that all the above indicators are highly significantly correlated with CAP, however, the first three have a weaker correlation. Triglycerides was generally correlated with CAP. Waist circumference was highly significant and strongly correlated with CAP. Finally, an adjusted R-squared=0.4492 multivariable linear regression model with the above indicators was developed.

At present, numerous elderly people are now suffering from diverse geriatric diseases due to the imbalance of intestinal flora.Treating geriatric disease and helping them alleviate their pain has become a research hotspot. Intestinal microecological preparations are living microbes (mainly some probiotics) extracted from some plants and animals aimed to regulate the microbial flora in human intestinal tract after progressing. Lots of advanced clinical trials show that these preparations are therapeutic in Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Acute Infectious Diarrhea, Cancer, Chronic Constipation, Metabolic syndrome, Elderly Critical Illness. In this review, this paper discussed the application and methods to use intestinal microecological preparations to deal with some common diseases of the elderly including some intestinal diseases and chronic diseases and so on. In addition, this paper discussed the future research trend in the intestinal microecological preparations and the method to reduce the incidence of mentioned geriatric disease, ease the pain and prolong the lift span of the elderly.

Most of the human microbiome resides in the gut. After the intestinal flora is fixed during the pregnancy, influenced by one's genes, environment and nutrition, it keeps a dynamic equilibrium for most of the time. With a large number of studies on intestinal flora, a lot of evidence shows that there is a close link between the bacteria in your gut and liver cirrhosis. For the association between the two, Toll-like receptors and bacterial translocation are the most studied at present. How to improve liver cirrhosis by regulating intestinal flora has become the focus of current research. Intervention of gut microbiota by means of probiotics, dietary interventions, antibiotics, microbial preparations, fecal transplant and modulation of gut barrier may provide a promising therapeutic approach for liver cirrhosis. This article comprehensively reviews the interaction between liver cirrhosis and the flora in the gut, both the intervention to the flora of the gut treatment of liver cirrhosis. In order to better understand the connection between liver cirrhosis and the intestine flora, it provides a novel direction for the treatment of liver cirrhosis.

Autophagy is a cell death mechanism that involves the destruction of substances within an organism's cells in response to several external stresses. A double-membrane structure of autophagosomes transports degradable components, including damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, to lysosomes for breakdown and recycling. With the development of technology, there is accumulating evidence that autophagy is associated with a variety of human disorders, including cancer. During the progression from benign to malignant cancer, autophagy suppresses cancer cells while boosting the growth and spread of cancerous tumor cells. In conclusion, the exploitation of autophagy as a prospective target for the treatment of cancer is becoming an increasingly popular avenue for researchers. This study has reviewed the regulatory processes of autophagy in cancer, the double role of autophagy in cancer, and the therapeutic applications of autophagy in cancer based on the underlying mechanisms of autophagy in cancer for pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and how existing drugs can inhibit tumor progression.

With a low survival rate, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a disease difficult to treat and is mainly confined to females. Traditional therapies have bad effects on slowing down the spread of this kind of cancer, so it is essential and urgent to look for a newly developed treatment for TNBC. Defective autophagy is implicated in tumorigenesis, both as a tumor inhibitor preventing the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles and as a cell survival mechanism that can promote the growth of established tumors. Although autophagy is carried out by the synergistic action of more than 30 proteins, only a few of them are enzymes with clear drug-targeting potential. In addition, according to past studies, the absence of ULK1 alone is sufficient to eliminate autophagy in many cell types, highlighting its particularly important role. Based on a review of the previous work, this paper focuses on ULK1-controlled autophagy as a potential method of slowing down the spread of TNBC cells or even curing cancer and describes some molecules targeting ULK1.

AD is a degenerative mental disorder that irreversibly causes patients’ cognitive impairment, reduced attention span, emotional disturbances, and personality changes. The current study of the pathogenesis of AD mainly contains the Aβ protein deposit theory, Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation theory, Central Cholinergic Injury hypothesis and Inflammation hypothesis. This paper seeks to pursue a wider understanding of AD and identify potential breakthroughs in this field by providing a structured summary of the currently proposed pathogenesis and current measures for the mitigation of individual symptoms. Therefore, based on the hypotheses of AD causality, this paper proposes alleviation methods that tackle each of these hypotheses and solutions about Chinese medicine. Through the methods of review and literature analysis, this paper summarizes the system of pathogenesis and relief methods for AD, and discovers that current popular pathologic processes still harbor misconceptions that need further investigation. Only medications that specifically target AD symptoms have been found to be effective in reducing patient discomfort, and some traditional Chinese medicines have been shown to be effective in preventing and treating AD symptoms.

Procrastination is a long-term puzzle for everyone, which is deeply rooted in our life, and it could be affecting our normal life. This paper will discover how Neuroscience, a recent trend in the field of Science, could play a role in minimalizing procrastination. It is set to reveal the inside structure of the human brain and discover what organs are important to understand the mystery of procrastination. Specifically, this paper will introduce the contrasting features of the prefrontal cortex and limbic system, and it will guide us to understand how different parts of the brain could act against each other to achieve their wills. The paper will lastly provide insight into how Neuroscience can collaborate with other fields of study to extend its positive impacts on understanding procrastination.

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the primary characteristics of tumor cells. Aerobic glycolysis is the primary mechanism by which tumor cells and normal cells differ in their glucose metabolism. The Ca2+/CAM-dependent protein kinase known as eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) is significantly activated in various tumor cells and is involved in the control of tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. For example, it acts as a protein synthesis regulator to mediate the process of protein synthesis in tumor cells under nutrient deprivation conditions. This paper describes the main regulatory mechanism of eEF2K and three pathways that affect eEF2K. In recent years, various studies have shown that eEF2K has very different or even opposite effects in different tumor cells. Therefore, clarifying the role and mechanism of eEF2K in different tumors is of great significance for drug research and development, and eEF2K is a potential therapeutic target for the development of anticancer drugs.

Autoimmune diseases are defined as the immune system attacking healthy body tissue that contains self-antigens. Damage of body tissues, malfunctions of organs, and abnormal growth of organs are common symptoms of an autoimmune disease. Although the exact reason causing autoimmune diseases is yet unknown, recent studies suggest that correlations exist between the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and epigenetic modifications of DNA. Epigenetic modifications, including methylation of both DNA and histones, have been identified as frequently occurring in individuals with autoimmune diseases. These modifications are thought to be environment-related, which therefore can alter DNA transcription without changing the original DNA sequence. In this review, two systematic (Rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren syndrome), and two organ-based (Type one diabetes and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) autoimmune diseases will be discussed. Their association with epigenetic modifications are analysed by twin studies. Several differentially methylated genes and the following signalling pathways that are associated with autoimmune diseases are identified, which may be a potential target for medical treatment.

Breast cancer that is triple-negative (TNBC) has a poor prognosis and is highly prone to relapse and metastasis. The specificity of TNBC makes it difficult to determine the standard and best treatment for patients because TNBC does not have three hormone receptors like other types of breast cancer (ER+, PR+ HER2+). Currently, a standard treatment for triple-negative breast cancer is chemotherapy. As well as being effective as a treatment method, novel immunotherapy has also risen in popularity. It is true that there are numerous articles introducing chemotherapy and immunotherapy in detail, but few of these papers compare the two. The purpose of this article is to summarize three common types of chemotherapy and two types of immunotherapies. Furthermore, a comparison based on resistance, toxicity, survival, and response rates shows that immunotherapy has a few advantages over chemotherapy, but it still has some disadvantages. However, a combination of both immunotherapy and chemotherapy is more effective for TNBC patients.

Stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures. It is the fifth leading cause of death and a significant cause of disability in the United States. Certain health conditions and lifestyles increase the risk of stroke, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. This paper presents a stroke prediction system based on various health conditions and other attributes using 7 machine learning models including random forest, kneighbors and so on. The methodology section outlines data collection, processing, and machine learning model selection and evaluation metrics. The results and discussion section presents detailed analysis and results from exploratory data analysis and machine learning classifiers. Finally, the conclusion section summarizes the paper and provides future directions for the project. The study aims to contribute to the prevention of stroke and improve healthcare outcomes for patients.

Although the microscopic world has been revealed for centuries, it is not until the last century that some incredibly effective tools were invented, greatly facilitating the progress of its exploration. The discovery of Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP), an unusual protein extracted from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria with strong visible absorbance and fluorescence, stands out as a significant milestone that enables scientists to fully enter the field of live cell imaging. This paper will discuss the discovery and development of GFP and its marvelous potential in live cell fluorescence imaging, which is explained by the following discussions about some of the most influential techniques involved in fluorescence microscopy.

SARS-Cov-2 has been widely spreading and mutating since its first emergence in December 2019. There are 5 Variantso of Concern (VOC) by February 2022. Among them, Omicron was reported to have an unprecedented number of 32 spike mutations. It was also revealed to have a strong ability in escaping immune protections from either existing vaccines or previous antibodies. In addition, its sub-lineages (BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5) demonstrate similar increase patterns in immune escape ability. This poses a thorny problem for researchers developing vaccines and control measures for the pandemic as it significantly undermines the effectiveness of existing vaccines. In the research, we used phylogenetic analyses and mutation analyses. We found that the number of mutations and percentages of spike mutations is the foundations for high immune escape abilities of the later emerged lineages/sublineages however the determining factor relies more on the location of the mutation. Based on this discovery, we identified 8 spike mutations K417N, S477N, N501Y, Q493R, N440K, Q498L, Y505D, and F486V that are essential for increased immune escape capability.

The common synthetic antioxidants in foods, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-toluenol toluene (BHT) and butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), have been proved to have toxic and carcinogenic effects. Long-term use will cause harm to people's health. As people pay more and more attention to their own health, non-toxic and harmless natural antioxidants gradually come into the public's view. Natural antioxidants are mainly divided into polyphenols, vitamins, flavonoids, etc. According to the research, adding polyphenols, vitamins, flavonoids and other natural antioxidants to oil can significantly reduce the peroxide value and acid value of oil and improve the oxidative stability of oil. Some natural antioxidants have higher antioxidant effects than BHT and BHA, and natural antioxidants can be added to food or used in active packaging to exert antioxidant effects. This paper reviews the composition of antioxidants and their research progress on the oxidative stability of oils and fats, and gives examples of their applications in foods, and suggests the future research and development of antioxidants.

Targeted protein degradation is one of the key research topics today. Proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) are heterobifunctional molecules that aim to eliminate disease-causing proteins by degradation. A number of PROTACs have initiated phase I or II clinical trials to treat many kinds of cancers and some other diseases, but there is no PROTAC drug on the market worldwide now. In this paper, the clinical application and safety of PROTACs in trials were explored by collecting relevant data of clinical trials and analyzing the available results. Some PROTACs have already showed beneficial effects for patients with a favorable safety profile in clinical trials. However, there are still many difficulties with PROTAC technology that need to be solved in the future such as low membrane permeability and the lag in the development of E3 ligands. Currently, another degradation technology called PROTAB was designed to promote effective ubiquitination and breakdown of transmembrane proteins and its future potential is just as great as PROTACs.

Pig-to-human xenotransplantation is an approach to tackle organ failure, and it greatly mitigates the lack of organ donors for human homogeneous transplantation. Gene editing on the animal organ makes xenotransplantation feasible under different challenges. Emergence of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing significantly improved the efficiency of gene editing, which promote the preclinical procedure in human. This article mainly discusses whether the branches of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing techniques are applicable on pig-to-human xenotransplantation clinically. Although CRISPR/Cas-based technology brings a promising future to xenotransplantation, more practical studies and research are needed along with the consideration of ethical issues.

Circular RNA (circRNA) is one kind of non-coding RNA. It is characterized with closed circular structure without 5' or 3' end and poly A tail. CircRNAs affect biological function by binding with miRNA and other molecules at the transcriptional or post transcriptional level. The latest research progress shows that circRNAs have an obvious influence on the physiological activities of colorectal cancer cells, including proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis. These activities are closely concerned with the development and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). This paper makes a summary on the role of circRNAs in the development of CRC and assesses their possibility to work as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

The daily global volume of COVID-19 nucleic acid testing is huge while a nucleic acid testing normally takes more than hours. Detection through chest X-ray can not only shorten the time, but also improve the accuracy of diagnosis. The cause is that it is challenging to manually distinguish COVID-19 patients from those with other viral and bacterial pneumonia based solely on their chest X-rays. This work provides a computer detection approach for the COVID-19 abnormalities on chest radiographs based on the modified Yolov5 algorithm, which is evaluated and optimized through tests, in order to be able to swiftly diagnose cases with initial symptoms of COVID-19. The Medical Imaging Databank of the Valencia Region (BIMCV), FISABIO, and the Regional Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science, and Digital Society released the chest X-ray dataset (Generalitat Valenciana). It was then updated by a group of board-certified radiologists in collaboration with the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM). Models of Yolov5 algorithm show great efficiency but limited accuracy. As a result, this research offers a tried-and-true technique for increasing the Yolov5 network's accuracy in detecting COVID-19 abnormalities on chest X-rays, which is supported by experimental findings.

Microneedle is a new type of drug delivery technology, which forms tiny pores on the surface of the skin through a special needle-like structure to break through the skin barrier and deliver drugs to the body with high efficiency, thus promoting drug penetration and absorption, which plays an important role in drug delivery. In recent years, with the continuous development of microneedle technology, the application field of microneedles has become more and more extensive, and the research of microneedles has become the hot spot of research and development today. This article has conducted a statistical analysis of the application trend, applicant's source, legal status, technical application and preparation process of patent applications in this field, and focused on summarizing the technical application of domestic microneedle patents in the field of pharmaceutical technology, medical beauty and several mainstream preparation processes. The statistical analysis was also conducted to summarise the technical applications of domestic microneedle patents in the fields of pharmaceutical technology and medical aesthetics and several mainstream preparation processes.

Since CAR T-cell therapies were authorized for clinical use in 2017, it has demonstrated massive potential in treating hematological malignancies, with more than 750 active CAR T-cell therapies currently under development around the world. However, despite the successes, many side effects and limitations still remain for this relatively new cancer treatment which is preventing the more extensive usage of this therapy. Thus, more innovative solutions must be established to eliminate or reduce the issues regarding the therapy. This paper will review some of the past and current developments of CAR T-cell therapy, some issues, limitations and its effect on the efficacy of the treatment as well as some of the novel methods and future directions which can be utilized to reduce or eliminate many of the limitations.

During the yearly seasonal influenza, A virus epidemic season, China has a relatively high infection rate among children under the age of five. By the age of three, Chinese preschoolers begin to join kindergarten and engage in social life and are at risk for getting and spreading influenza A viruses. Yet, for a variety of reasons, including a lack of parental knowledge and economical restrictions, the vaccination rate among youngsters may be higher. As a consequence, a large number of children are afflicted, imposing a significant financial burden on society and families. The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanisms of action and potential side effects of the three seasonal influenza vaccines currently in use in China, as well as the two new influenza vaccines, in order to identify a seasonal influenza vaccine that is more effective for children aged three to five and to encourage children to receive it as a proactive measure against seasonal influenza.

This paper mainly intends to collect and sort out their COVID-19 epidemic data by selecting several typical countries in different regions. Then, this paper combines with the local epidemic prevention policies and vaccination rates of each country. The selected countries are the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, and the Republic of South Africa in Africa, two developed countries and one developing country. Additionally, it explores whether national policies and vaccination rates have a certain impact on confirmed cases. At the same time, the policies and other aspects of these countries will be compared with the confirmed cases. As a result, it finds that policies and vaccination rats are the important parts of the protection during COVID-19, and it may have something to do with the country's economic development. Finally, this paper suggests that the government should formulate appropriate policies to benefit the people, to comfort the people's emotions and give them appropriate protection.

Since 2019, COVID-19 has become a hot topic. The COVID-19 pandemic has detrimental effects on the physical and mental wellbeing of individuals. Presently, specialists and physicians have perfected COVID-19 treatment. Additionally, COVID-19 vaccines have been developed. Experts or physicians from urban areas or nations with advanced medical technology have instructed physicians from rural regions or countries with relatively primitive medical technology on how to treat more successfully via telemedicine. Thus, most people’s physical health issues have been resolved. However, mental issues created by COVID-19 have not yet been resolved. Through a literature-based research method, this paper investigates the mental issues that have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research identifies and explains the role of standard distant psychological counseling or treatment for COVID-19-related mental health issues. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may lead to elevated levels of stress and anxiety, increasing the likelihood of depression, sadness, and even suicide. Standardized telemedicine can efficiently alleviate these symptoms and accomplish the same results as face-to-face treatment through the use of the Internet. In addition, individuals can receive prompt psychological counseling or therapy during self-isolation to prevent disasters.

Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. (EHE) was a program launched by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to reduce the number of new diagnoses and scale up prevention and treatment services. However, the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has halted its progress due to extensive government mitigating efforts. We aimed to assess the relationship between the state-level COVID-19 policy stringency and interruptions to HIV prevention and treatment services in the United States in 2020 to monitor our effort better to end the HIV epidemic. In this observational study, we collected five leading indicators for government to track the EHE progress, including diagnoses rate, HIV testing and positive rate, PrEP-to-Need ratio, and viral suppression. Pandemic control measures were quantified using the Oxford Government Response Tracker Stringency Index for each state. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to explore the association between COVID-19 policy stringency and HIV prevention outcomes. Geographically weighted regression was then used to examine the spatial distributions of the associations. We found that the more stringent COVID-19 government response was significantly correlated with decreased diagnoses rate but insignificantly with reduced HIV tests, increased HIV positive rate, and increased odds of falling viral suppression. PrEP-to-Need ratio was positively correlated with the COVID-19 government response but negatively correlated with COVID cases. Such correlation was stronger in the Northeast and weaker in the middle part of the United States. Our finding implied that a more stringent COVID-19 government response resulted in new HIV infections that were undetected and not yet linked with clinics and health departments. PrEP use was improved by the stringent COVID-19 government response mainly because of concurrent expansions on PrEP delivery services, but it still was negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We also found a concerning trend in HIV target groups of decreasing viral suppression rate and prevention use, which needed more attention.

The symptoms of COVID-19 patients have been alleviated by pharmaceutical treatment, and immunization has been demonstrated to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, following COVID-19 infection, a series of clinical symptoms may persist over long period, a condition also known as long-hauler syndromes. In the present study, we review the long-hauler syndromes of COVID-19 and its potential pathophysiological mechanisms, and examine the causes and prognosis of persistent cardiovascular symptoms of long-hauler syndromes. Future treatments and management strategies for long-hauler syndromes are also one of the main focuses herein, with a special interest on several medications approved for the treatment of COVID-19 and their relation to these syndromes. This article also seeks to raise public awareness of long-hauler syndrome and its risk factors, since it posits a global challenge to the healthcare system and to the economy. If everyone works together and more and more effective management alternatives are developed as more is known about COVID-19, society will be able to safeguard the health of every person.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main reason of woman in death. Menopause is the turning point of global women's health. When women enter menopause, their sex hormone levels decline, leading the greatest risk of heart disease. During the same period, cardiovascular events will also lead to premature menopause, and there is a two-way relationship between them. Chinese and foreign academic circles are making efforts to change the current situation of women's CVD, especially the cardiovascular health of menopausal women. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) can not only effectively relieve menopausal symptoms such as vasorelaxation and contraction, but also improve the development of cardiovascular disease. In the past decades, the effect of hormone therapy on menopause cardiovascular condition has been controversial. Existing research shows that early use of menopausal hormone replacement therapy for young women or postmenopausal women is more beneficial to the cardiovascular system, but primary or secondary prevention is not recommended in new sequential diseases. At the same time, non-hormone therapy is also the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention.

Background: Not many studies have investigated the relationship between maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter, especially matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) during pregnancy, and the rate of low birth weight. Limited studies have been conducted in broad national areas for over many years. Method: Data on birth weight and air pollution from 2007 to 2020 in the US counties is collected, including 628 counties. Logarithmic transformed LAD regression was used to examine the association between air pollutants, especially PM10, and birth weight. Results: PM10 demonstrated a negative impact on the term LBW and most birth weight categories. A trend was observed: as birth weight categories increase, the magnitude of the PM10 estimate decreases as birth weight approaches the normal range, from 0.0064 to 0.0008. After examining the associations between birth weight categories and the term LBW, a negative association between PM10 level and birth weight is found for LBW categories. Conclusion: The impact of PM10 on regular-weighted babies is less significant than on low-weighted babies, and an increased risk of low birth weight with increasing PM10 levels was not found.

Policy change is required to address the enduring and persistent negative effects from social determinants of health on individuals seen in disease prevalence consistent with accelerated aging. Social and environmental interactions can lead to detrimental influences on the development in an individual’s experience over time. Given the context and development outcomes, appropriate measures to halt disease burden should be a critical focus due to the substantial number of elderly population by 2050. Existing programs do not have enough reach to cover smaller regions and rural areas. Community support lacks standardization and wastes precious resources in initiating and creating guidelines, setting goals and metrics on effectiveness, and setting best practices on implementation and reaching targeted demographics. Access to preventative care provided by Medicare could dramatically manage the challenges facing this population. Policy to intervene by providing preventative care and social services needs in evaluation of beneficiary criteria for Medicare is critical. Developing a new strategy should be considered since the age limit of 65 falls outside of the range necessary for prevention purposes.

University students are at high risk of developing sleep problems, and poor sleep quality is often a cause of poorer academic performance. The quality and length of sleep can affect health to a great extent and can lead to several diseases, such as obesity. Dietary factors can also affect the quality of sleep. So how to eat well while maintaining the quality of sleep is something that students need to worry about in addition to their studies. This research study is conducted by collecting and analyzing data through a questionnaire sent to UBC undergraduate students via email. The answers are analyzed using the Qualtrics, and some basic demographic data can be analyzed as a bar chart automatically. The rest of the data will be exported to Excel to calculate scores based on the Diet Quality Index and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for further analysis. The results show that there is no strong correlation between the quality of diet and the quality of sleep. However, caffeinated beverages have been shown to have a potential relationship with sleep quality (p=0.0922). This study may provide insight into future research directions, such as the extent to which caffeinated beverages may affect sleep quality.

Organisms and the environment in which they live interact, are interconnected, and are dependent on one another. In which organisms must continuously acquire nutrients from their surroundings, either directly or indirectly, metabolize, and maintain their own life. The organisms absorb toxins along with nutrients when the air, water, soil, and other environmental factors are contaminated. These organisms then move and accumulate inside the body and become contaminated. Organisms that have been contaminated have altered ecological, physiological, and biochemical signs, exhibiting various symptoms or reactions. Environmental contamination biological monitoring is a method we can use to reflect and gauge the extent of environmental pollution from these changes. These changes can be used to evaluate water pollution.

Clypeasteroids are irregular echinoids characterized by their flattened skeleton, sophisticated mouth parts and fluffy thorns. Their flat shapes and buried lifestyles are highly adjusted to suspension feeding, thus now ecological niches were discovered. In this paper, the integral evolutionary history from the Cretaceous period to modern times will be introduced and the interrelationship between suspension feeders and plankton will be discussed. It’s worth noting that it was the nutritive environment that contributed to their adaptive evolution by boosting the thriving of plankton. The emergence of Clypeasteroids was ultimately the result of geological evolution in the Mesozoic, especially the Cretaceous period. As the dominant species in modern benthic ecosystems, clypeasteroids are still in the face of a variety of environmental changes, such as ocean warming, ocean acidification and microplastics. It is a brand new perspective to explore the interrelationship between Clypeasteroids and the marine environment by discussing the evolutionary history influenced by plankton like algae and its ecological impact of controlling the population density of algae, and it has been concluded that the marine environmental effects distinguish because Clypeasteroids was born of dramatic environmental change caused by geological activities.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a breakthrough in cancer treatment that utilizes the patient’s own immune defense systems to very specifically target tumors and cure cancers. The treatment achieved high levels of success within its clinical trials and entered the market. However, these clinical trials are very limited on the interactions of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the elderly, which make up a large portion of cancer patients. This investigation, therefore, aims to clarify some of the potential problems that may arise with using immune checkpoint inhibitors in the elderly and compare the benefits and costs relative to chemotherapy by collecting and assorting available data from various systematic and clinical studies. Contrary to intuition, our findings do not suggest a large direct decrease in efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors within the elderly when compared to younger patients, but many situations that can be associated with old age such as cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, immunosenescense, can affect the rate of adverse effects and rate of innate resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

There is a pooled prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia, although it varies significantly in different regions. Continuous monitoring of gout and hyperuricemia prevalence will help the government adjust its public health policy. The current analysis employed the research tabulated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to 2018 to measure the prevalence of hyperuricemia that happened through examining the updated nationally representative sample from the US. From 2017 to 2018, it shows a 5.1% of prevalence of gout within the age of 20. In the gender-based criteria for hyperuricemia, the plasma uric acid concentration above 7.0 mg/dL for males while for a female is above 5.7 mg/dL, and the frequency of hyperuricemia was 19.9%. While according to the gender-neutral criteria (i.e., serum urate level above 7.0 mg/dL, no matter which gender), the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 12.6%. The estimate suggests an obvious rise in the prevalence of gout compared to 2015-2016, but the association became nonsignificant after adjusting age, BMI, and hypertension. The burden of gout and hyperuricemia remained high and was increased in absolute numbers, indicating the need for a more proactive approach to patients with hyperuricemia and gout.

This paper is based on the existing phenomenon that the prevalence of some diseases is increasing worldwide, and the patients can come from all age groups. It will focus on the relationship and influence between public open areas and people's health. The causes of this phenomenon may be due to the high level of competition in different aspects of society, such as study and work. People may face great pressure, so they devote more time to work and ignore the importance of physical activity. The author mainly discusses the public open areas for human health. Examples of how public open areas can be measured and how they relate to people's health, and how they can help people become healthier or have better living habits would be mentioned. Through analysis, this paper finds that public access can positively impact people's health, and people can easily benefit from it. Other factors, such as government and individual awareness, can help people become healthier in these areas.

Due to the complex pathogenesis of obesity and the increasing number of obese patients, researchers have worked on how to deal with obesity. Researchers have found that brown adipose tissue (BAT) has an impact on the treatment of obese patients. The review introduces basic knowledge related to BAT characteristics, cold exposure to activate BAT, and the activation pathway of BAT, including the UCP1-dependent signaling pathway and the UCP1-independent signaling pathway, in order to investigate the novel technology on treating obesity by focusing on BAT. Moreover, the review summarizes the novel therapies to combat obesity through BAT. The therapies incorporate BAT transplantation, transformation of white adipose tissue, and artificial means to activate BAT by either using pharmaceutical ways or controlling the expression of genes. Through the multiple ways to increase the BAT mass in the human body, the results show that obesity can be partially alleviated. However, future studies still need to reveal the integrated mechanism of treating obesity with changing BAT mass.

In recent years, the new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has become a worldwide concern and has sparked widespread concern. As a land port between mainland China and Hongkong, Shenzhen suffered from COVID-19 infections early in 2022, which should be given more attention. In this study, we focused on the spatiotemporal distribution at the sub-district level of reported cases from February 1st to April 3rd, which was the period of the first wave of infection in Shenzhen in early 2022. The spatiotemporal distribution map was created first, followed by the introduction of both Global and Anselin local Moran’s I for spatial correlation analysis. The distribution of reported cases showed a high degree of spatial aggregation, demonstrating that the infection was restricted to a limited area, and no significant factors related to the spatial distribution of cases were found in the correlation factors analysis, which might be due to the effectiveness of the control measures. We further explored the characteristics of the Shatou sub-district, the most affected area in Shenzhen. The result showed that population density, sanitation level, and population mobility still had an important impact on the level of epidemic risk. Similar vulnerable areas should receive more attention for the future prevention of diseases.

Diabetes mellitus is normally classified into type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. The auto-immune malfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells is known to cause type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is triggered by insulin resistance and a beta cell inability to produce the required amount of insulin. Animal models of type 1 diabetes vary from mice that acquire auto-immune diabetes spontaneously to pharmacological ablation for pancreatic beta cells. Obese and non-obese are types of animal models with variable levels of insulin sensitivity and beta cell failure are used to simulate type 2 diabetes. This study discusses some current models utilized in treating T1DM and T2DM based on relevant literature and statistical data. The use of transgene and knockout mice models is also explored. An over-one animal model should ideally be utilized to mimic the variability exhibited in diabetes individuals. The research found that animal models have several advantages in treating diabetes, and success depends on the precision and animal model types used.

Covid-19 is a global public health disease that has significantly impacted the world from various domains. Numerous existing studies have analyzed the association of coronavirus with different industries, with the impact of individual patient characteristics on coronavirus transmission being a topic of significant interest. In this study, linear regression models were used to examine the effects of age, race and population distribution on coronavirus morbidity and mortality using data collected on coronavirus in California, USA, for November. Statistical analysis found that coronavirus transmission was significantly influenced by race, which produces consistency with some studies today. Further research is needed on specific differences in coronavirus development between individual races. In addition, the association between age and coronavirus prevalence could not be determined due to the lack of data and limitations of statistical models. Imbalances in healthcare resources, differences in vaccination rates and living environments are all considerable reasons for the association between racial factors and coronavirus transmission. Accordingly, countermeasures can be considered to help mitigate the efficiency of coronavirus transmission and its negative effects on social development.

In the past decade, China has experienced two outbreaks of large-scale transmission of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses, namely SARS at the end of 2002 and COVID-19 at the end of 2019. This paper conducts a comparative analysis based on the data collected from WHO coronavirus database, NCHS of CDC, and articles on National Center for Biotechnology Center to review and summarise China's anti-epidemic measures during SARS and COVID-19. The significance of comparing the responses to the two outbreaks is to study the development of epidemiology in China over the past ten years and the establishment and improvement of the response mechanism to major public health events. Through a review of a large number of literature, it can be seen that the emergence of SARS exposed the weaknesses of China's public health system, but it was also an opportunity for the development of a health crisis management system. After only more than ten years of system improvement, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, China has stepped up to a new level in terms of response speed, decisiveness in decision-making, and intensity of policy implementation.

Liver cancer is one of the primary causes of death, and its incidence is increasing every year. In China, liver cancer also occupies a major position among the national diseases. To improve the effectiveness of existing procedures for hepatocellular carcinoma screening and surveillance recommended by Chinese public health authorities, this paper analyzes and summarizes the risk prediction models of other gastrointestinal malignancies (esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer) by means of a literature review. This article suggests that individual risk scoring systems can be designed to adapt to liver cancer screening strategies.

Every global pandemic in human history has reshaped people's lives, making it imperative for policymakers to adapt to this changing trend in urban planning and management. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is quickly spreading around the world, especially in areas with high population densities. Taiwan had a good performance in the early stages of the epidemic. However, by May 2021, the local epidemic in Taiwan began to break out on a large scale, and the number of local confirmed cases in Taiwan in 2021 reached 14,603. Taiwan is one of the world's regions with the highest population densities and fastest growing economies. Therefore, Taiwan has the title of being one of the Four Asian Tigers. In this study, a composite analysis of Taiwan's population density, economic level, and number of COVID-19 cases was conducted. Based on the composite index CI, correlations were found between COVID-19 infection rates and population density, per capita income, and per capita housing in individual cities.

Since the outbreak of the Covid-19, people’s production and life have been greatly affected. In order to protect people’s health and minimize the impact of the epidemic on economic and social development, China has implemented a ”Dynamic clearing” policy. Precise prevention can minimize the impact of the epidemic on the economy and society. With the normalization of nucleic testing and in order to achieve convenience and benefit for the people, ensuring that all those in need are tested, nucleic testing vehicle are becoming more and more widly used in various cities. However, the site selection of nucleic testing vehicle requires consideration of multiple factors. For example, the distance of nucleic testing vehicle from communities and business districts, the population of each location, even the traffic conditions, etc. These factors will affect the efficiency of nucleic testing. In this paper, we make some reasonable assumptions and model the situation in various condition. The use of algorithms such as dynamic programming and divide and conquer algorithm improves the efficiency of nucleic testing.

This paper describes that after the global outbreak of COVID-19, many infected people appeared. Then countries developed emergency preventive measures, but most of the steps were achieved by restricting people's travel and disturbing the regular order of life. The long-term blockade will lead to adverse psychological symptoms (stress, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc.). According to the World Health Organization statistics, in the first year of COVID-19, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression increased by 25%. A questionnaire was distributed to 100 participants in this study. The results showed that most people would face up to their bad psychological symptoms and seek the help of a psychologist or solve them by themselves. Online psychotherapy has become a new psychological intervention method with high acceptance. We try to understand the current mental health status of users by issuing questionnaires on popular social media platforms, using different intervention methods for users with other mental health statuses, and sending push notifications of various contents.

Background: Despite previous studies on the effects of socio-economic factors on maternal mortality, integrated risk factors and comparisons between risk factors of maternal mortality rate in the United States have not been analyzed. This study examines the maternal mortality rate and potential risk factors, including Age and Race Group distribution, healthcare insurance coverage, education attainment, state household income, state birth rate, and abortion rate. Methods: Data were collected and integrated from various sources, including CDC, National Vital Statistics, World population review, Guttmacher institute, and United States Government Census, into datasets that covered different aspects of socioeconomic and demographic development in a state-level statistics. Linear Regression and Geographically Weighted Regression models were used to find correlations between maternal mortality rates and selected socioeconomic factors. Results: The disparity between race and age groups remains as black women over 40 are much riskier of dying from maternal childbirth. The statistical model result indicates that birth rate and female household income contribution are positively correlated with maternal mortality rate, while educational attainment is negatively correlated. Geographical Weighted Regression showed the spatial patterns that the correlations are more credible in eastern states than in western states. Conclusions: Tracking socioeconomic factors that showed either a positive or negative correlation with maternal mortality is the key to reducing maternal mortality. Also, our model result was more credible among eastern states residents, while further models and analysis could be conducted with the residents of the western states to help them interpret and apply the result.

Pulmonary epidemic disease is an acute disease in people's lives, and proper control and human interference are essential for society. This article discusses whether short-term population mobility, such as tourism, affects the spread of pulmonary epidemics. This article uses Chinese travelers from different areas and lung epidemiological data in a different gender from 2012 to 2020. The analysis model uses R to make basic linear models and a linear regression model to analyze the relationship between the two variables. Above all, the model concludes that the p-value is much more significant than 0.05. Therefore, this paper believes that changes in the travel population will not directly affect the spread of pulmonary epidemics in society.

The Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak from March to May 2022 was the largest local epidemic in China after the Wuhan outbreak in 2020. Studying the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) taken by the Shanghai government will provide valuable experience for other large cities to control the epidemic. In this paper, a new SQUPR model is constructed to quantitatively measure the effectiveness of NPIs in different phases of Shanghai outbreak. Two important parameters, screening index and moving index are proposed to reflect the government’s ability to identify and isolate patients and the severity of travel restrictions. By defining the error function, we transformed the parameter estimation problem into a nonlinear optimization problem, and obtained the values of the parameters by using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. We calculated the effective reproduction number and found that it shares the same trend with the moving index. The simulation results of some hypothetical situations show that taking effective interventions as early as possible can effectively avoid the outbreak of the epidemic.

Depression is the leading mental health problem worldwide and there are many treatments used for it and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is one that is widely used. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of CBT based on different characteristics of the treatment and compare it with other treatments via reviewing and integrating the results from past studies. This paper concluded that CBT is effective for both mild to moderate and severe depression and may be more effective for the former one. Internet-based CBT also works as effective as face-to-face CBT. Compared with other treatments, CBT possesses several unique advantages that made it popular for treating depression but also limitations that led to the fact that it is not the only way of treating depression. A combined treatment is preferred to yield better outcomes.

RUNX1-RUNX1T1-fusion-induced acute myeloid leukemia accounts for nearly 5% of total AML instances, and the percentage becomes higher in M2 subtype AML (10-20%). Due to t(8;21) chromosomal translocation, the fused gene suppresses the expression of all RUNX1-mediated hematopoietic genes, inhibiting the normal differentiation of myeloid cells and inducing leukemogenesis. This type of AML involves menacing symptoms from the disease and persisting adverse effects from the therapy they received. Current research regarding this type of AML mainly focuses on random individual pharmaceutical targets and biomolecular pathways. However, more attention needs to be placed on prioritizing aspects regarding different aspects of this type of AML, and future research should devote more effort to it. This paper explores if there is a correlation between the complexity of the study and specific pharmaceutical targets or pathways it focuses on. By analyzing several recent studies related to RUNX1-RUNX1T1-induced AML, a conclusion is derived that the later stage of leukemogenesis of the research target or pathway belongs to, the more complicated process and resources will be needed to complete that research. However, the significance of the study focuses on different stages of leukemogenesis weighted equally. This paper provides insights to future researchers in choosing their research area related to RUNX1-RUNX1T1-induced AML.

The research on risk factors and influencing factors of stroke is a hot field of current research. Important progress has been made in the study of stroke-related risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol abuse. However, there are still gaps in the study of immutable risk factors such as age, sex, race, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and psychological factors that are important triggers of stroke. In addition, it has been demonstrated that stroke poses a danger for developing Alzheimer's disease, but there is still a lack of uniform explanation as to whether Alzheimer's disease is a risk factor for stroke. Therefore, combining previous research and relevant literature, this article mainly analyzes two parts: The first part analyzes the causes of the high incidence of stroke in the elderly from a psychological perspective, mainly analyzing the impact of depression, and the second part explores whether Alzheimer's disease poses a danger for developing stroke by analyzing the potential common pathway between Alzheimer's disease and stroke. The elderly is more likely to have negative emotions such as depression, which can directly induce stroke, or indirectly increase the risk of stroke by increasing the risk of hypertension, diabetes, etc. The susceptibility to negative emotions is one of the psychological factors that contributes to the high incidence of stroke in the elderly. Alzheimer's disease can induce or exacerbate stroke. The dementia and cognitive impairment brought on by Alzheimer's disease can raise the chance of stroke. There are potential mechanism connections between the two on amyloid proteins β (Aβ) toxicity, Tau protein, and oxidative stress.

Since the discovery of antibiotics in 1929, antibiotics have played a pivotal role in clinical health care. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics, certain bacteria have acquired antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance has become a global crisis. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanism for bacteria developing antibiotic resistance, and focus on novel treatments than can counteract bacterial resistance, including new-class antibiotics and antibody-based therapies. Chimeric peptidomimetic antibiotics, Darobactin and Lugdunin are recently identified compounds that are able to prevent or eliminate bacteria. Despite that the aim is to either act as bactericidal or toxin neutralizing antibodies, all three monoclonal antibodies that are approved for treatment of specific bacterial infection, exert actions by neutralizing released toxin. The aim is to introduce antibiotics or therapy battling infection but with low resistance tendency. Overall, investigations on developing new therapies against antibiotic resistance are warranted, especially therapies with little side effects or a direct bactericidal action.

As the continuous mutation of the COVID-19 virus increases the uncontrollability of the virus, it imposes a great social-economic burden on health care. It is crucial to select the best vaccines to accelerate herd immunity with minimal side effects. An essential role of immunization by vaccines is to trigger the production of antibodies in the body, while the effectiveness and protection of vaccines are determined by several factors and thus have drawn great research interest. So far, several approved COVID-19 vaccines have been applied globally, with different booster strategies. Therefore, comparing efficiency of vaccines and booster strategy are needed to offer higher protection, with particular interest for immune-insufficient population. The present study focuses on the comparison of monovalent and bivalent vaccines, as well as comparing different booster strategies, by reviewing clinical findings regarding each specific vaccines or booster strategies. In general, bivalent vaccines were more successful than monovalent vaccines for immunization, and heterologous vaccines were preferred than homologous vaccines for immunization against virus mutations. However, there are few vaccines that are approved for special populations due to safety concerns, such as children and pregnant women, which warrants further investigation to address this imperative issue. In addition, the potential higher effectiveness of heterologous vaccines indicates that it might provide better immunity for special populations, which requires more research attention.

SSRIs mediate antidepressant effects by inhibiting specific serotonin transport(SERT) and subsequent modulation of serotonin levels in the brain. This review paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well as psychedelics, including their potential therapeutic applications in treating psychiatric disorders. By examining the limitations of current antidepressant treatments and highlighting the need for alternative approaches, it is necessary to explore the working mechanisms of psychedelic substances, including interaction with various receptors and neural networks in the brain and their potential role in promoting neuroplasticity, which may facilitate a reset of maladaptive neural pathways and promote new patterns of neural connectivity, potentially leading to improved mental health outcomes. Recent research on psychoplastogens, non-hallucinogenic analogs of psychedelic substances, may offer a promising alternative to traditional psychedelic therapies, including the reduced potential for adverse effects while promoting neuroplasticity, potentially improving mental health outcomes.

The pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases are one of the key topics of current research. Existing studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress has a non-negligible relationship with the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the pathogenesis and treatment of typical endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cardiovascular diseases are still poorly understood. Therefore, this paper summarizes the pathogenesis and therapeutic drugs of some common cardiovascular diseases by sorting and analyzing the existing literature. Studies have found that excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress can cause serious damage to cells through the apoptosis pathway. Most of the treatment principles are to inhibit excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress by blocking signaling pathways, increasing or decreasing the expression of related genes, etc. The active components of a variety of Chinese herbal medicines are very effective in treating cardiovascular diseases caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Extracting the active components from plants or synthesizing new substances is an effective idea to find new therapies. The body response induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress can provide a reference for the study of other diseases with unknown pathogenesis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Interferon's antiviral state is a key first line of defense against viral infection, but it is weakened and delayed by SARSCoV- 2, making COVID-19 difficult to treat. This dysregulated innate immune response may contribute to a critical disease or even death. Thus, to better control this virus and deal with possible pandemics of other coronaviruses in the future, we describe the host's innate sensing systems for SARS-CoV-2 and the virus's tactics to dodge the innate immune response, including processes used by SARS-CoV-2 proteins to avoid interferon activation and signaling in host cells. We review the evidence that SARS-CoV-2 proteins, specifically NSP1, 6, 13, and ORF6 proteins, inhibit both interferon induction and interferon-induced ISGs. Moreover, we highlight the contradictory findings due to the different screening and verifying systems. Finally, we discussed whether the blockade of IFN signaling by SARS-CoV-2 could be overcome by targeting interferon antagonists to restore the interferon-mediated antiviral response and achieve a cure.

Some drink caffeinated drinks such as coffee and tea to combat fatigue, and others consume caffeine supplements for their nootropic effects, such as improved focus and reaction time. Some claim that the ratio of the two methylxanthines most present in coffee, caffeine and theophylline, may have synergistic interactions. The purpose of this experiment was to explore the interactions and relationships between a combination of caffeine and theophylline at different doses. The study hypothesizes that an antagonistic relationship will be observed when caffeine and theophylline are combined. This research will be conducted in frogs to simulate humans. Frogs will be intravenously injected with caffeine and/or theophylline following decapitation and the removal of other potential variables to isolate the reflex response time required for the frogs to move in response to sulfuric acid solution stimuli. Standalone doses, as expected, were efficacious in reducing reflex response time. A combined dose further decreased reflex response time, though with decreasing levels of effectiveness at larger doses. According to the Combination Index (hereafter referred to as CI) from the Chou-Talalay method, Combined doses at meaningful dosages all exhibited antagonism. Any larger dose than a combined dose of 4.36mg (ratio 1:1) will exhibit antagonism. At that dose, an additive relationship is seen. Any lower than 4.36mg, synergy is exhibited. This conclusion proves that the hypothesis of the study is correct. An average cup of coffee contains 95mg of caffeine and 3.8mg of theophylline. These values far exceed the threshold of the combination becoming antagonistic. This means that the pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and caffeine can be disregarded in the context of consumer-grade coffee.

Epilepsy is a life-threatening disorder, with 10% of the world's population would experience at least one seizure during their lives. This review summarises antiepileptic drugs focused on GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission. GABA and glutamate receptors are the primary targets for those antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Three types of GABA receptors with structural and metabolically differences, GABAA and GABAC, are ionotropic receptors with different reactions to antagonists, and GABAB receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). Two types of glutamate receptors are investigated: ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) and metabolic glutamate receptors (mGluR). iGluRs are channels receptor with a central pore allowing ions to pass through. There are three main types: AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, and NMDA receptors. mGluRs are GPCRs with eight members, which can be classified into three groups: group I, group II, and group III. These structures and their functions are explained further with relevant target drugs.

Cancer is a complex disease and the single greatest obstacle to increasing life expectancy worldwide in modern times. Cancer is generally characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells, a decline in apoptosis and irregular cell cycle. Currently among all cancers, the highest indecency of malignancy is lung cancer. Currently, therapies, including chemotherapy, serves as a core part for battling against cancer. However, a serious obstacle to treating cancer is cancer drug resistance. At least five mechanisms, including tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, decreased drug uptake, drug efflux and DNA repair alteration, are involved in the acquirement of anti-cancer drug resistance. On the other hand, new approaches have been developed and designed to target anti-cancer drug resistance. Understanding mechanistically the triggers of cancer medication tolerance contributes to another critical aspect for anti-drug resistance. First-round drugs of choice as initial chemotherapy is crucial and thus requires great attention to avoid the development of anti-cancer drug resistance.

The anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody aducanumab has been approved by FDA in Jun 2021. It is the first diseasemodifying drug for the treatment of mild Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) to improve cognitive functions by clearing the amyloid plaques in brain. This review discussed all aspects of the aducanumab development, including the structural and kinetic perspective in its discovery, the most important results from phase 1 and two phase 3 clinical trials and its controversies. Despite FDA approval, aducanumab did not announce a success in controlling the development of AD at early-stages possibly due to the contribution from other confounding pathological pathways and mixed biomarkers occurred during AD pathogenesis. Thereby, it is vital to conduct long-term post-market surveillance, as well as concentrating more on researching AD pathogenesis. Other potential therapeutic targets, such as inhibiting unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways, might also contribute to the progression of AD and therefore catch increasing attention in research field.

One of the most frequent malignant tumors in women is breast cancer, and its prevalence is rising every year. In Europe and in United States, 25 to 30 percent of all cancers in women are breast cancers. Every year, 1.3 million women are given a breast cancer diagnosis worldwide, and 400,000 of them will die from the condition. Currently, breast cancer has become the biggest threat to women's health. The causes of breast cancer are multifaceted and extremely complex. Genes like breast cancer type (BRCA) 1, BRCA2, and tumor protein p53 (P53) are linked to familial breast cancer. Breast cancer risk factors include high estrogen levels post menopause, estrogen replacement medication, early menarche, late menopause, short menstrual cycles, and other sex hormone related variables. Palbociclib, a cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitor, has been applied as a treatment for advanced breast cancer. It can also be combined with other chemotherapies or radiotherapies to improve its effectiveness. Despite its side effects, it is currently the better targeted drug for the treatment of breast cancer.

Alzheimer's is known as the most prevalent neurological condition while Parkinson's is known as the second. Common symptoms of Parkinson's include slowness of movement, muscle rigidity, and resting tremors. There are several non-motor symptoms as well and some of them may appear before the motor issues. After developing Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra gradually die, causing a pathway to malfunction and recognizable motor issues. Unfortunately, very little about the molecular processes that lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons is studied. To understand the current research progress and find new research directions, the author sorted out the drugs currently used in clinical practice and summarized the clinical stages and treatment strategies of the drugs under study by searching relevant literature in PubMed. Conclusions can be drawn that the related research is progressing steadily and new breakthroughs are being made.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have transformed from scientific tools to potent human therapeutics. Monoclonal antibody therapy has become an important treatment modality for cancer due to its strong specificity and remarkable curative effect. Among them, Durvalumab is a PD-L1 inhibitor. In anticipation of achieving a better clinical response with different drugs in combination therapy, the researchers decided to combine Durvalumab with the anti-CTLA-4 drug Tremelimumab. In addition, this type of immunotherapy is actively used as a novel treatment option for various cancers. This paper reviews the mechanism of action of Durvalumab and Tremelimumab in prospective randomized trials as a single or combination therapy for cancer and their applicability to different tumor types.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the medical system of many countries has been gradually defeated. COVID-19 The virus exists all the time and everywhere. There is a "new normalcy" that the novel coronavirus coexistence with human beings in many countries. For example, the smallpox virus, which once killed hundreds of millions of people in history, was eradicated globally by vaccination in the 1970s COVID-19. Among the many COVID-19 vaccines currently used, including inactivated vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines, mRNA vaccines - a relatively new vaccine category, are widely used and accompanied by a lot of controversy. This article will start with COVID-19, the history of vaccines, the basic introduction of mRNA, and gradually uncover the mystery of mRNA vaccines. This paper introduces its advantages and disadvantages, expounds the main development directions of mRNA vaccines, and reveals that mRNA has great development space and opportunities. This technology has many advantages. Through more in-depth research experiments, it can be applied to more medical technologies to help humans overcome diseases.

Safety data mostly obtained before vaccines are marketed usually come from clinical trials. There has been adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports about the escalation of vaccination-related side-effects like myocarditis and pericarditis especially in mRNA vaccine and thrombosis in adenoviral vector vaccine. Data mining are implemented to detect and evaluate the ADR signals of three vaccination of SARS-COV-2 vaccines; Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273), Jansson (Johnson & Johnson). The vaccine data extracted from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database from December 11, 2020 to March 11, 2022. A total of 824,818 adverse cases of all three vaccines were extracted from the database for signal detection. Signal detection method of reporting odds ratio (ROR) and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN) were adopted based on the fourfold table and corresponding formula for data mining. Information component (IC) of COVID-19 vaccine measures the strength of the relation between the interest vaccine and the interest disease. The 95% confidence interval lower limit of expected value IC which is E(IC)-2SD were used to measure the signal strength of ADR in the database where SD is standard deviation of IC. R-Studio and Visual Studio Code are used for data management and statistical analysis. Comprehensive signal detection method was adopted to mine relevant data from VAERS and many new safety signals were detected at last, which lays a foundation for the follow-up safety studies on COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, great importance should be attached to drug monitoring during clinical use.

COVID-19 have caused a great burden in health care and in terms of finance. Despite the current control of COVID-19 in many countries due to the application of vaccination and treatments, the rebound of COVID-19 symptoms or repositive cases examined by either antigen test or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been noticed in patients post recovery, especially after certain treatments. However, if the rebound was a part of natural course of COVID-19 recovery, or if it was triggered by certain factors, have not been confirmed. Herein, we reviewed the history and time course of COVID-19 rebound in patients without treatment. Further, we compared the rebound rate in patients treated with Paxlovid or Molnupiravir, the two recently approved treatments for COVID-19. In addition, the present study summarizes the possible causes and the clinical implication of studying COVID-19 rebound in patients with or without treatments. At present, the existing studies on COVID-19 rebound are not enough. More studies and data are warranted to analyze factors associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 rebound.

Depression is a common affective psychiatric disorder that not only affects the daily life of patients, but also leads to death by suicide in severe cases, and it is worth noting that there is a trend of younger people suffering from the disease. The etiology of depression is complex and the pathogenesis is still unclear. It has been found that intestinal flora plays an important role in the interaction between the intestine and the brain, and intestinal flora has received wide attention in the pathogenesis of depression. In recent years, the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) methods for the treatment of depression has been effective. And the advantages of less side effects compared with western medicine show the outstanding advantages of TCM treatment. This review mainly summarizes the improvement of intestinal flora by some single and compound herbal medicines, acupuncture therapy, moxibustion and other TCM specialties, and discusses the progress and possibilities of TCM antidepressant treatment related to intestinal flora by investigating the relevant literature in recent years, to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of depression and the scientific connotation of antidepressant therapy with TCM.

With the development of the national economy and changes in people's living habits and dietary structures, diseases caused by high concentrations of uric acid (UA) are becoming more frequent in daily life. Hyperuricemia, in particular, is on the rise and affecting younger individuals. Although UA excretory drugs are available, they have low efficacy and significant side effects. Therefore, the search for UA-lowering drugs is crucial. This paper aims to introduce the pathological mechanism of hyperuricemia and the UA excretory drugs that have been marketed and tested and to briefly review their therapeutic effects and limitations. We will analyze new UA excretory drugs in terms of their mechanism of action, clinical study results, and safety to provide new ideas and feasible ways for the development of new UA-lowering drugs and the treatment of hyperuricemia in the future.

To establish a population pharmacokinetic model of levetiracetam for minors in Shaanxi Province, determine the covariates that affect the pharmacokinetic parameters and the mathematical relationship between them. One hundred and forty samples of patient blood concentrations were collected from minors in Shaanxi Province, and 77 samples were included. The population pharmacokinetic model was established by NONMEM software and validated by the bootstrapping method. A one-compartment model with first-order absorption best described the data. In the final model, the typical population values of CL/F, V/F, and Ka are 2.52 L/h, 23.9 L and 1.28 ℎ⁻¹ respectively, and age is the only remaining covariate affecting the pharmacokinetic parameters of levetiracetam. This model can be used to predict individual palsma concentrations and help formulate a clinical individual drug administration plan for a specific patient population.

Many vaccinations have been developed for the prevention and treatment of cancer since the hepatitis B vaccine for liver cancer received approval as the first cancer vaccine. So far, three cancer vaccines have been approved by the FDA, but none of them is used to treat breast cancer. Scientific research focusing on the development of breast cancer vaccines had been an ongoing topic and several potential vaccine therapies have emerged. Globo-H is a suitable candidate for metastatic and triple negative breast cancer, which requires carrier protein or adjuvants conjugation induce antibody response against identified cancer antigen. Suitable adjuvant such as lipid-based carrier monophosphorylate lipid A (MPLA) is required for proper level of immune stimulation. Another large category of breast cancer vaccine is related to a commonly expressed receptor of the cancer cell’s surface: HER2/neu. E75 and GP2 directly target HERs and induce immune response for HLA A2/A3+ patients. AE37, on the other hands, is more potent for treating triple negative patients with low level of HER2 expression on cancer cells. AE37’s ability to induce T-cell immune response is related to structural conformation of MHC class II epitope driven by the linkage of li-Key-peptide, and it does not rely on high level of HER2 expression to induce T-cell mediated immune response. Overall, AE37 seems to be the most potential candidate for cancer vaccine, but its effectiveness does require further clinical trials to be proven.

Ellagic acid, a plant-based polyphenolic active compound from a wide range of sources, has multiple effects against inflammation and oxidative stress. It is easily accepted and taken for its subtle therapeutic effects due to its plant-based nature. Ellagic acid exerts a positive effect on the negative effects of inflammation by modulating inflammatory signals or by activating/inhibiting inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, etc.). Since, at present, systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) is a serious cause of death worldwide, there is much research evidence that ellagic acid has a powerful therapeutic effect on inflammation, as well as on conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and depression, which are accompanied by inflammation at the onset. This review aims to explain the healing mechanism of ellagic acid for inflammation and its related conditions, as ellagic acid is attracting increasing attention from people and society as a future important drug that can cure inflammation.

With the rapid development of urban technology, people have higher and higher requirements for their appearance, especially some young women, who lose weight at all costs, so various means of weight loss have come into being. Weight loss pills have remarkable effects on weight loss, but most of them are accompanied by strong adverse effects. The main object of this study is the new weight loss drug, L-carnitine, an amino acid derivative that is extremely common and widely used in the medical field and is currently used mainly for weight loss and nutrient supplementation, but it also has many drawbacks and hidden dangers. This paper summarizes the current research progress, physiological effects, and side effects of L-carnitine by literature analysis, and provides a reference for future research. This paper found that L-carnitine is mainly used to transport long-chain fatty acids, help digestion, promote normal metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, relieve toxic acyl groups, participate in membrane repair, and maintain membrane stability; however, L-carnitine also has certain side effects, the most common of which are intestinal digestive problems and circulatory system abnormalities, and, in some cases, to affect the mental status of the user.

COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a contagious disease. The first case was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The symptoms of COVID-19 approximately onset 2-14 days from infection, which are similar to flu and colds, although some patients would be asymptomatic. China is the first place where COVID-19 spreads then worldwide. As a result, the World Health Organisation declared the COVID-19 pandemic on the 12th of March 2020. This announcement hugely affects people’s lifestyles and the world economy. The virus has infected 665 million people and caused about 6.72 million deaths until January 2023, and the data is still growing (WHO). Many effective vaccines have been developed in the short term to prevent the spreading of COVID-19. However, the vaccines could not completely cease the spread of COVID-19 because vaccine effectiveness can vary, and new virus variants keep emerging simultaneously. Therefore, developing COVID-19 drugs is viral for preventing COVID spread and reducing the severity of symptoms.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex chronic disease characterized by secondary hyperglycemia. T1DM is a result of genetic and environmental causes. It is predominant in children and adolescents yet can present in adults. Classical presentations are weight loss, polydipsia or polyuria, and the risk of getting ketoacidosis. Still, the presentations of T1DM could be confusing and lead to a delay or improper treatment. Through summarizing the mechanism, and epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and analyzing different diagnoses and treatments of T1DM based on existing literature and data, this research aimed to determine the current effective methods of detecting and recognizing T1DM in potential patients, and the present beneficial treatments. The result shows that although T1DM is a common metabolic disease, it has not yet been fully discovered, which could lead to errors in treatment. Therefore, further research could focus on these parts, which are still confusing: precise triggering factors and more effective medicine in treatments.

With the COVID-19 pandemic, various countries and regions have introduced different preventive measures, with vaccination becoming one of the most effective ways to ward off COVID-19. Therefore, this paper looks at the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzes individual decision-making when complying or failing to comply with vaccination and social distancing. First, free-riders are addressed as a more precise object of study in individual decision making, those who do not comply while enjoying the protection of her immunity. Such decisions are then analyzed in this paper within a game-theoretic framework with public goods. Subsequently the techniques discussed by various authors for limiting free ridership is analyzed. This goal can be achieved in several ways (through negative and positive reinforcement and appeals to altruism). Negative reinforcement forces free riders to consider the societal cost of their noncompliance with mandates. Positive reinforcement seeks to decrease the benefit free riders enjoy from non-compliance. Lastly, altruism, the personal choice to go along with the collective for the greater good, can effectively increase compliance. Overall, this essay argues that a combination of the above methods could theoretically yield a Nash equilibrium where the vast majority of the population complies to government-mandated vaccination and social distancing.