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We irradiate the surface of pure fused silica with few-cycle pulses (duration < 10 fs, central wavelength at 800 nm, repetition of 400 kHz and a pulse energy of ca. 1 µJ) focused at a quasi grating incidence and observe a permanent densification in the irradiated region. A translation of the sample in the direction of the laser results in the direct writing of surface waveguides. The eigen modes of such structures exhibit a pronounced sensitivity to the refractive index of the immediate environment which we exploit to demonstrate direct refractive index sensing as well as plasmonic sensing.
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Alexandre Mermillod-Blondin, Laura Rammelt, Federico J. Furch, Ananga-Mohan Datta, W. Dieter Engel, Kurt Busch, Marc J. J. Vrakking, "Fabrication, characterization, and applications of laser-induced surface waveguides in fused silica," Proc. SPIE PC12873, Laser-based Micro- and Nanoprocessing XVIII, PC128730N (13 March 2024); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3002309