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One challenge to the electrical engineer consists in remodelling and
solving Maxwell's equations in the complicated boundary conditions of
a real optical waveguide. Much progress has been reported in this field
and was embodied in the design and manufacture of advanced optical fibers,
but the obscure process of obtaining these great results makes it desirable
to find more obvious and simpler ways of getting insight intO the behaviour
of light in the confined geometry of a fiber. In this paper we use the
concept of topological phases to estimate the phase shift of the light
wave due to winding of the optical fiber in a cable.
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H. Schmitzer, Wolfgang Dultz, Susanne Klein, "Topological phases in optical fibers," Proc. SPIE 1319, Optics in Complex Systems, (1 July 1990); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.22128