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This paper presents a theoretical model to predict the curvature of a rectangulargel which is subjected to a pH gradient. The curvature is formulated as a function of volumetricstrains. Experimental observations indicate a direct coupling between the electric field and the gelthat induces an immediate volume collapse independent of pH gradients. Additional deformationsoccur later due to a pH gradient evolving through hydrolysis.
Walter R. Witkowski
"Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of polymeric gels", Proc. SPIE 1777, First European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, 177725 (1 May 1992); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2298100
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Walter R. Witkowski, "Simulation of the dynamic behaviour of polymeric gels," Proc. SPIE 1777, First European Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, 177725 (1 May 1992); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2298100