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Large-size sapphire crystals are grown by the temperature gradient technique. In order to address current applications, (0001)-oriented boules have been put into production and the quality is analyzed.
Jianwei Xu,Yongzong Zhou,Guoqing Zhou,Jun Xu, andPeizhen Deng
"Producing large <0001>-oriented sapphire for optical applications", Proc. SPIE 3557, Current Developments in Optical Elements and Manufacturing, (5 August 1998); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.318290
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Jianwei Xu, Yongzong Zhou, Guoqing Zhou, Jun Xu, Peizhen Deng, "Producing large <0001>-oriented sapphire for optical applications," Proc. SPIE 3557, Current Developments in Optical Elements and Manufacturing, (5 August 1998); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.318290