The nature of fundamental 1/f noise in quantum sensing technology, negative entropy, and uncertainty principle

Peter H. Handel

doi:10.1117/12.501205

1 July 2003 The nature of fundamental 1/f noise in quantum sensing technology, negative entropy, and uncertainty principle

Peter H. Handel

Author Affiliations +

Proceedings Volume 4999, Quantum Sensing: Evolution and Revolution from Past to Future; (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.501205
Event: Integrated Optoelectronics Devices, 2003, San Jose, CA, United States

Abstract

Most sensors traduce various environmental, industrial, or laboratory parameters into electrical signals. Quantum sensing pushes this to the ultimate limit of achievable sensitivity, detectivity, resolution, and stability. Quantum mechanics sets these limits through the uncertainty principle. It causes the ubiquitous 1/f noise, as we show here for LiNbO₃. Quantum 1/f theory, known as the quantum theory of the fundamental 1/f noise phenomenon, is a new aspect of quantum mechanics, that governs the nonlinear interaction of particle and field, introducing the new notions of "physical cross sections" (PCS) and "physical process rates" (PPR). These contain the fundamental macroscopic quantum 1/f fluctuations. They yield the usually defined PCS and PPR with infrared radiative corrections, when the expectation value is taken over the low-frequency photon states of negative entropy. The physical charged particle, such as an electron, contains both the bare particle and its electromagnetic field. The latter is in a coherent state, where the phase of the electromagnetic field oscillators is determined. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle then requires that the energy must be uncertain, leading to nonstationary states describing the particle. The particle’s resulting fractional current fluctuations in large devices always have the spectrum 2α/πf, where α=1/137 is the fine structure constant.

Citation Download Citation

Peter H. Handel "The nature of fundamental 1/f noise in quantum sensing technology, negative entropy, and uncertainty principle", Proc. SPIE 4999, Quantum Sensing: Evolution and Revolution from Past to Future, (1 July 2003); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.501205

ACCESS THE FULL ARTICLE

INSTITUTIONAL
Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.

SELECT YOUR INSTITUTION

PERSONAL
Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.

PERSONAL SIGN IN

No SPIE Account? Create one

PURCHASE THIS CONTENT

SUBSCRIBE TO DIGITAL LIBRARY

50 downloads per 1-year subscription

Members: $195

Non-members: $335 ADD TO CART

25 downloads per 1 - year subscription

Members: $145

Non-members: $250 ADD TO CART

PURCHASE SINGLE ARTICLE

Includes PDF, HTML & Video, when available