A v-shaped microstructured optical fiber (MOF)-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed for simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index (RI). Such a v-shaped structure could be coated with the gold layer conveniently, simplifying the sensor fabrication. We theoretically investigate the coupling property between the core mode and the plasmon mode, the polarized characteristics of the core modes, the behavior features of the resonance peaks and the sensing performance of the sensor at different temperatures and RIs. The simulation results demonstrate that the v-shaped structure can support two polarized resonance peaks (x- and y-polarized peaks) that have different response characteristics for the changes of temperature and RI, the temperature coefficients of x- and y-polarized peaks are 11.8 and 6.2 pm / ° C, the RI coefficients of x- and y-polarized peaks are 1408 and 1505 nm / RIU, respectively.