In this paper we demonstrate an approach for laser holographic manufacturing of three-dimensional photonic lattice
structures using a single specially designed, diffraction optical element mask. The mask is fabricated by recording
gratings in a photosensitive polymer using a two-beam interference method and has four diffraction gratings in the
sample plane, with a same distance from the opening center and oriented four-fold symmetrically. Four first-order
diffracted beams by the gratings and one non-diffracted central beam overlap and form three-dimensional interference
pattern. The phase of one side beam is delayed by inserting a thin piece of microscope glass slide into the beam. By
rotating the glass slide thus tuning the phase of the side beam, the five beam interference pattern changes from facecenter
tetragonal symmetry into desired diamond-like lattice symmetry. The three-dimensional interference pattern is
recorded in a photosensitive polymer, showing the phase tuning related changes of photonic lattice structures. Combing
an amplitude mask with the phase mask by putting the amplitude mask in the central opening of the diffraction optical
element mask, line defects are produced within the photonic crystal template.
We report a new design and fabrication of an integrated two-layer phase mask for five-beam holographic fabrication of
three-dimensional photonic crystal templates. The fabricated phase mask consists of two layers of orthogonally oriented
gratings produced in a polymer. The vertical spatial separation between two layers produces a phase difference among
diffractive laser beams, which has enabled a holographic fabrication of diamond-like photonic crystal templates through
single-beam and single-exposure process. The reported method simplifies the fabrication of photonic crystals and is
amendable for massive production and chip-scale integration of three-dimensional photonic structures.
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