Optical characterization and internal structure of biological tissues is highly important for biomedical optics. In particular
for optical clearing processes, such information is of vital importance to understand the mechanisms involved through
the variation of the refractive indices of tissue components. The skeletal muscle presents a fibrous structure with an
internal arrangement of muscle fiber cords surrounded by interstitial fluid that is responsible for strong light scattering.
To determine the refractive index of muscle components we have used a simple method of measuring tissue mass and
refractive index during dehydration. After performing measurements for natural and ten dehydration states of the muscle
samples, we have determined the dependence between the refractive index of the muscle and its water content. Also, we
have joined our measurements with some values reported in literature to perform some calculations that have permitted
to determine the refractive index of the dried muscle fibers and their corresponding volume percentage inside the natural
muscle.
It is known that the fibrous structure of muscle causes light scattering. This phenomenon occurs due to the refractive index discontinuities located between muscle fibers and interstitial fluid. To study the possibility of reducing light scattering inside muscle, we consider its spectral transmittance evolution during an immersion treatment with an optical clearing solution containing ethanol, glycerol, and distilled water. Our methodology consists of registering spectral transmittance of muscle samples while immersed in that solution. With the spectral data collected, we represent the transmittance evolution for some wavelengths during the treatment applied. Additionally, we study the variations that the treatment has caused on the samples regarding tissue refractive index and mass. By analyzing microscopic photographs of tissue cross section, we can also verify changes in the internal arrangement of muscle fibers caused by the immersion treatment. Due to a mathematical model that we develop, we can explain the variations observed in the studied parameters and estimate the amount of optical clearing agent that has diffused into the tissue samples during the immersion treatment. At the end of the study, we observe and explain the improvement in tissue spectral transmittance, which is approximately 65% after 20 min.
Skeletal muscle presents an internal fibrous structure. The existence of muscle fibers surrounded by interstitial fluid
originates an internal step refractive index profile that causes light scattering. One way to minimize this effect inside a
muscle is to perform an optical clearing treatment, using an adequate solution that presents a refractive index higher than
the interstitial fluid. We have studied muscle spectral transmittance during sample immersion in propylene glycol. With
the collection of transmittance spectra registered during a period of 20 minutes of immersion we could represent spectral
transmittance evolution for several wavelengths and verify that the tissue samples have become more translucent. The
optical clearing effect created in the tissue samples was characterized by an increase of 45% above the natural
transmittance and the variations observed in tissue mass, pH and global refractive index. We also identified the initial
mechanisms of agent diffusion into the tissue and consequent tissue dehydration from the spectral transmittance
evolution. The histological analysis of variations caused in the internal structure of the tissues permitted to better explain
the optical clearing effect created. Considering a mathematical model developed in previous studies, we could estimate
the amount of agent that was inserted into the tissue samples.
Skeletal muscle is a fibrous tissue composed by muscle fibers and interstitial fluid. Due to this constitution, the muscle
presents a non uniform refractive index profile that origins strong light scattering. One way to improve tissue
transmittance is to reduce this refractive index mismatch by immersing the muscle in an optical clearing agent. As a
consequence of such immersion tissue also suffers dehydration. The study of the optical clearing effect created by a
simple mixture composed by ethanol, glycerol and distilled water has proven its effectiveness according to the variations
observed in the parameters under study. The effect was characterized in terms of its magnitude, time duration and
histological variations. The applied treatment has created a small reduction of the global sample refractive index that is
justified by the long time rehydration caused by water in the immersing solution. From the reduction in sample pH we
could also identify the dehydration process created in the sample. The immersion treatment has originated fiber bundle
contraction and a spread distribution of the muscle fiber bundles inside. New studies with the mixture used, or with other
combinations of its constituents might be interesting to perform with the objective to develop new clinical procedures.
We intended to characterize and compare the dependence between the concentration of two optical clearing agents and
the effects created by them in muscle from rat. Using Ethylene glycol and Glycerol in three distinct concentrations, we
expected to measure time evolution of the optical transmittance and variations created in tissue samples regarding mass,
pH, thickness and histological parameters. Measuring natural state properties of tissue, we establish reference parameters
to quantify variations in samples due to osmotic immersion treatment. Such variations were correlated with the optical
clearing effect created in tissue and identified with time evolution of sample transmission. We observed for all the
samples and agents studied that tissue transmission rises in time during the treatment with the osmotic solutions. Also,
tissue thickness and refractive index show an increase, while the sample's pH lowers due to water loss inside tissue
samples. Muscle fibres become more spatially separated after treatment due to osmotic impregnation inside the
interstitial space. The variations described are stronger as the solution's concentration becomes higher. By comparing
between results obtained with solutions of Ethylene glycol and Glycerol in the same concentration, we could verify
similar effects but stronger when the Glycerol solution was applied.
Computational methods have been used with great application to biomedical optics. The events created by the interaction of radiation with biological materials can easily be translated to computer languages with the objective of producing simulation techniques to be used prior to physical intervention. The addition of biocompatible and hyper osmotic agents to several types of biological tissues has proven the enhancement of transparency to radiation flux by reduction of material's optical properties. The evolutionary behavior of the agent's action in the tissue samples before saturation has been observed by numerous researchers but has never been described mathematically. In the present work we will describe the application of Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the evolutionary states of optical transparency of biological tissues when immersed in an osmotic solution. We begin our study with typical values for the optical properties of rabbit muscle and proceed by reducing the absorption and scattering coefficients independently and simultaneously. The results show the number of transmitted, absorbed, scattered and reflected photons in different stages of the action of a generic osmotic agent over a small and well defined tissue sample.
A theoretical and experimental study of the self-referencing resonant fiber optic intensity sensors based respectively on Michelson and Mach-Zehnder configurations is conducted. Sensor linearity and sensitivity are addressed, being also considered sensors design and optimization.
We demonstrate the implementation of an in-line four-wave mixing correlator using a BSO photorefractive crystal as a dynamic holographic medium. The advantage of this correlator is the perfect overlap of the Fourier transforms of the reference and probe images inside the crystal due to its in-line geometry. Therefore the Bragg diffraction is the only limit to the angle between writing beams. An experimental investigation about the Bragg limitation in the shift invariance of the correlator performance is also presented.
An experimental investigation of the scale and rotation invariant joint transform correlator (SRIJTC) is presented. The SRIJTC is a three-step algorithm, one more than the conventional JTC, and where in the first step we perform a logarithm-polar coordinate transformation to achieve scale and rotation invariance. The mask for the logarithm-polar coordinate transformation is obtained with a Lee's binary interferogram computer generated hologram with a mapping of 4(pi) . The product between the coordinate transformation mask and the input signal is made digitally and displayed on a liquid crystal television to perform the logarithm-polar coordinate transformation. The optical setup used to obtain coordinate transformation is the same that perform the JTC leading to a three-step JTC invariant to scale and rotation.
An experimental investigation of the scale and rotation invariant joint transform correlator is performed. The mask for the log-polar coordinate transformation is obtained with a Lee's binary interferogram computer generated hologram with a mapping of 4 (pi) .
The problem of recognizing a given object in a scene is of particular interest in the field of industrial automation. Holotags can be used for automated identification in industrial environments. The extraction of coded information written in holotags, using processing techniques, implies different operations which begin by image acquisition using a CCD device followed by processing, to decode and validate the binary coded information. The paper describes the image processing software that was implemented to extract information from coded holotags and proved to solve the practical problems with acceptable performance.
The phase-modulating capability of a commercial LCTV has been measured and its application in a joint transform correlator, using a single spatial light modulator, is discussed. The maximum LCTV phase depth obtained is closed to (pi) /2 and a small cross-coupling amplitude modulation is observed. Simulation and experimental results are obtained for the phase joint transform correlator, where the wavefront error, due to the LCTV, is corrected with a phase conjugation technic.
Dynamic measurement of force distribution concerning foot-loading during walking were made with a novel automatic image processing system. The operation principle, associated practical problems, and clinical applications are described.
Surface topographic measurement in the shape of the human back is demonstrated by an automatic method. A linear grating is projected and a corresponding deformed pattern casted on the backs is processed, sending the 3D shape. An algorithm for phase detection over the spatial pattern is the selected method. Theoretical background, experimental results, and clinical implications are reported.
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