KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Spectrographs, Calibration, Fabry Perot interferometers, Observatories, Control systems, Sensors, Control software, Equipment, Domes
MARVEL is a new facility at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (La Palma) which comprises an array of four 0.8m telescopes, each feeding via fibre link into a single high-resolution spectrograph. The facility will provide dedicated target vetting and follow-up capability to support large exoplanet surveys through radial velocity measurements with precision at the metre-per-second level. The observatory site, with four new domes and a standalone stabilised spectrograph building, will soon be complete and ready for hardware installation and commissioning. Here we present an overview of the facility and a status update on several component subsystems: the telescope hardware, control software, and scheduling software; the fibre injection units at each telescope; the optical and mechanical design and tolerances of the spectrograph and vacuum vessel; the calibration system hardware and calibration strategies; and the progress in development of the instrument’s data reduction pipeline.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS–V) is an all-sky spectroscopic survey of <6 million objects, designed to decode the history of the Milky Way, reveal the inner workings of stars, investigate the origin of solar systems, and track the growth of supermassive black holes across the universe. The Local Volume Mapper (LVM) is a facility designed to provide a contiguous 2500 deg2 integral-field survey over a 3.5 year period from Las Campa˜nas Observatory (LCO) in Chile. The facility comprises four 0.16 m bench-mounted telescopes that feed three multiobject spectrographs with 1801 science fibres, 119 calibration fibres, and 24 sky-background fibres. The fibre cable spans approximately 20 meters from the telescope platform to the spectrograph slits. A sorting hat, located in the spectrograph room, redistributes the 1944 fibres into three 648–element bundles that terminate at the spectrograph slits. In this paper, we briefly summarize the current production progress of the integral-field units, the spectrograph slits, and the sorting hat.
The 4m DAG telescope is under construction at East Anatolia Observatory in Turkey. DIRAC, the “DAG InfraRed Adaptive optics Camera”, is one of the facility instruments. This paper describes the design of the camera to meet the performance specifications. Adaptive and auxiliary optics relay the telescope F/14 input 1:1 into DIRAC. The camera has an all refractive design for the wavelength range 0.9 - 2.4 micron. Lenses reimage the telescope focal plane 33 x 33 as (9 x 9 mm) on a 1k x 1k focal plane array. With magnification of 2x, the plate scale on the detector is 33 mas/pixel. There are 4 standard filters (Y, J, H, K) and 4 narrowband continuum filters. A 12 position filter wheel allows installation of 2 extra customer filters for specific needs; the filter wheel also deploys a pupil viewer lens. Optical tolerancing is carried out to deliver the required image quality at polychromatic Strehl ratio of 90% with focus compensator. This reveals some challenges in the precision assembly of optics for cryogenic environments. We require cells capable of maintaining precision alignment and keeping lenses stress free. The goal is achieved by a combination of flexures with special bonding epoxy matching closely the CTE of the lens cells and crystalline materials. The camera design is very compact with object to image distance <220 mm and lens diameters <25 mm. A standalone cryostat is LN2 cooled for vibration free operation with the bench mounted adaptive optics module (TROIA) and coronagraph (PLACID) at the Nasmyth focus of the DAG telescope.
The Fibre-Optic Broadband Spectrograph (FOBOS) is a facility-class multi-object spectrograph currently being designed, and to be deployed to the Keck II telescope. FOBOS is able to simultaneously observe 1729-objects across a 20′ field of view, with 30% instrument throughput from 0.31-1.0 µm and a spectral resolution of R<3500 delivered by three, bench-mounted 4-channel spectrographs. The FOBOS focal plane will be configured using 1729 ‘Starbug’ robots, which are vacuum-adhered piezo actuators that ‘walk’ across the field plate to position fibres. Using Starbugs to position fibres allows fast configuration and flexibility in payloads, with a mixture of Single Fibre, IFUs, and Imaging Bundles (used for guiding) capable of being rapidly positioned across the field. The FOBOS team have recently passed their conceptual design review. The FOBOS positioner design builds on the experience gained from the TAIPAN instrument, which used 150 Starbugs and demonstrated their viability as a science instrument. In this paper we detail the conceptual design of the FOBOS focal positioner system. This includes details of the Starbug design, optomechanics, and optical designs that allow the focal plane positioner to operate. The FOBOS focal positioner design builds on the experience gained from TAIPAN, a prototype instrument built to demonstrate the Starbugs technology
The Australian Astronomical Observatory’s (AAO’s) AESOP project is part of the Multi-Object Spectrograph Telescope (4MOST) system for the VISTA telescope. It includes the 2436-fibre positioner, space frame and electronics enclosures. The AESOP concept and the role of the AAO in the 4MOST project have been described in previous SPIE proceedings. The project final assembly stage has recently been completed. In this paper, key results in accurate manufacturing and assembly of critical AESOP components are discussed. The major performance requirement for AESOP is that all 2436 science fibre cores and 12 guide fibre bundles are to be re-positioned to an accuracy of 10 micron within 1 minute. With a fast prime-focus focal-ratio, a close tolerance of +/-70 microns on the axial position of the fibre tips must be held so efficiency does not suffer from de-focus losses. Positioning accuracy is controlled with the metrology cameras installed on the telescope, which measures the positions of the fibre tips to an accuracy of a few micrometers and allows iterative positioning until all fibre tips are within tolerance on the ultimate position. Maintaining co-planarity of the fibre tips requires accurate control in the assembly of several components that contribute to such errors. Overall, the AESOP design fully complies with all its requirements and in most cases achieves its goals. A thorough consideration of all the relevant interfaces during the design and assembly phases, has resulted in comprehensive set of ICDs for the mechanical, electrical and software aspects of AESOP.
The Australian Astronomical Observatory’s (AAO’s) AESOP project is part of the Multi-Object Spectrograph Telescope (4MOST) system for the VISTA telescope. It includes the 2436-fibre positioner, space frame and electronics enclosures. The AESOP concept and the role of the AAO in the 4MOST project have been described in previous SPIE proceedings. The project final assembly stage has been completed. In this paper, engineering principles applied during assembly of critical components and testing of the instrument are discussed. The major performance requirement for AESOP is that all 2436 science fiber cores and 12 guide fiber bundles are to be re-positioned to an accuracy of 10 micron within 1 minute. With a fast prime-focus focal-ratio, a close tolerance on the axial position of the fiber tips must be held so efficiency does not suffer from de-focus losses. Positioning accuracy is controlled with the metrology cameras installed on the telescope, which measures the positions of the fiber tips to an accuracy of a few micrometers and allows iterative positioning until all fiber tips are within tolerance on the focal surface plane. Maintaining co-planarity of the fiber tips requires accurate control in the assembly of several components that contribute to such errors. AESOP requires a consistent production of high accuracy components and assemblies in a quantity of above 2500 items. To achieve this, we had to apply the highest engineering standards, including assembly procedures, metrology, and control systems. We designed many jigs and fixtures, which enabled us to produce high quality components and assemblies at reasonable cost. The results – working instrument was vastly achieved with the help of university students after providing a training in engineering practices.
The Many Instrument Fiber System (MANIFEST) is a facility fiber system for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). MANIFEST will be capable of feeding current and upcoming GMT instruments light from the telescopes full 20-arcmin field of view. The MANIFEST concept uses “Starbugs” – self-motile fiber heads deployed on a glass plate. MANIFEST will enhance the capabilities of different optical and near-infrared spectrographs at the GMT by feeding fibres and providing simultaneous observations. We have so far developed 15 science cases for MANIFEST which are listed under five broad science themes. Many science cases from galactic surveys, nearby galaxy surveys, intergalactic medium tomography, and spatially resolved studies of distant universe are of interest. These science cases drive the instrument requirements, modes of observations, and operation conditions for MANIFEST. Defined from the science cases, MANIFEST offers nine different modes of observations including high multiplexing, multiple and high sensitivity integral-field spectroscopy, polarimetry, and near-infrared spectroscopy. We discuss in this paper the latest developments of GMT/MANIFEST.
SkyHopper is a proposed CubeSat mission to simultaneously observe 4 bands in the wavelength range from 0.8 to 1.7 micron. The light is captured by a telescope with a 100 mm × 200 mm primary and a field of view of 0.6° × 2.6°. A preliminary definition (phase B) of the optical telescope assembly for the mission is now completed. It is designed to make high precision intensity measurements of every object in the field of view. This brought a series of constraints to avoid stray light. Different optical designs were studied. A Kösters prism is used to split the light into 4 bands on a 2k x 2k detector. The telescope design is based on a 3 mirror anastigmat with additional lenses to provide good image quality in the final focal plane for all bands and also in the intermediate focal plane and the pupil plane where cold stops are needed. Aberrations and vignetting of the prism had to be removed. Science applications include exoplanet transits in front of low-mass stars, rapid Infrared follow-up of Gamma Ray Bursts and exploring the Cosmic Infrared Background.
KEYWORDS: Prototyping, Interfaces, Telescopes, Structured optical fibers, Green fluorescent protein, Systems engineering, Glasses, Electronics, Manufacturing, Control systems design
Appropriate project costing for astronomy instrumentation in early phases is pivotal to support the process of acquiring suitable funding. It also sustains the effective project cost management and increases the chances of project success. The absence of a clear method to project costing in the industry might lead projects to be undertaken at below cost at the risk of compromising quality and performance, eventually resulting in onerous cost overruns, and in worst cases, in failure and loss of reputation. This paper explores the use of techniques from the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK applied to the cost estimate from conceptual design through to completion of one of instruments proposed for the Giant Magellan Telescope: MANIFEST, a robotic multi-fibre positioner that enhances the capabilities of other instruments in the telescope and enables the use of the telescope’s full field of view. Whilst the accuracy of the cost estimate results cannot be asserted until the project reaches more maturity, the MANIFEST cost estimate has proven to be a useful tool for cost control, more efficient resource allocation and forecast, and decision enabling during the MANIFEST Conceptual Design Phase 1. The cost basis of estimate used establishes the starting point to measure the project costing efficacy and the baseline required for the future program costing updates.
We present the work on applying Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to the conceptual design of the MANIFEST multi-object fiber positioner for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). We use MBSE early in the system lifecycle to help identify and document the MANIFEST system characteristics. The application of MBSE allows the discovery of potential problems and their solutions. In addition, the MBSE facilitates managing complexity, reducing technical risk, and performing risk analyses. First, we report the benefits of the modeling process in capturing the problem domain model and stakeholder needs. Then, present the model framework, systems modeling language, and software tool to accomplish our goals for MANIFEST. Next, we report on the MANIFEST architectural products, the structural and functional elements, associated mappings, and relationships, including the interfaces between subsystems and external systems. Then we discuss the model presentation and report generation to communicate design aspects to stakeholders. Finally, we conclude with remarks about the effectiveness of the MBSE approach for the MANIFEST conceptual design.
Management of equipment vibration will be a challenge for the upcoming generation of extremely large telescopes (ELTs) (GMT, TMT, and ESO’s ELT) and is being dealt with proactively by all three projects. We document the approaches, techniques, and future efforts by all three ELTs in their attempts to manage vibration in their telescopes. We detail the approaches to developing component requirements, characterizing vibration sources, simulating telescope structural movements, and approaches to mitigating source vibrations. We illustrate the iterative approach taken by the three observatories with several examples of concrete processes, measurements, and other details of use to future observatories.
Starbugs are robotic devices that have the capability to simultaneously position many optical fibers, over the telescope’s focal plane to carry-out efficient spectroscopic surveys. The conceptual design of FOBOS, the Fiber-Optic Broadband Optical Spectrograph, deploys Starbugs at the Keck II focal plane to enable high-multiplex, deep spectroscopic follow-up of upcoming deep-imaging surveys. FOBOS requires configured fields of many-hundreds of targets (significantly more than TAIPAN and MANIFEST instruments) in a few minutes, consistent with typical detector readout times. FOBOS also requires the inclusion of different optical payloads, like integral field-units, calibration bundles, coherent imaging bundles and perhaps wavefront sensors. Therefore, with these new challenges, it is important to optimize the target allocation and routing algorithms for Starbugs that yield the best configuration times and science outcomes for FOBOS. We provide a description of the Starbug parameters required by the FOBOS conceptual design, perform relevant allocation simulations, and discuss their performance.
The DREAMS telescope is currently under construction at the Siding Spring Observatory. Once completed, the 0.5m telescope will be the fastest infrared surveyor in the southern hemisphere and one of the best tool available for transient astronomy. The Opto-mechnical design is fully custom and consists of two distinct sections: The telescope tube assembly and the instrument optical relay that feeds the light into six InGaAs cameras. We present here, the details of the mechanical design of the telescope.
Cryocoolers have long been demonstrated to be a dominant source of vibration that have caused significant problems with AO systems on large telescopes. Existing large telescopes have already imposed strict vibration requirements on instruments in response to existing problems, and have often struggled to achieve them. As the field moves into the next generation telescopes with GMT, TMT and eELT, vibration requirements continue to get ever tighter. Instrument teams must respond to these more demanding requirements by careful selection of cryocoolers and thoughtful design of cryocooler mounts that are matched closely with the specific requirements of the telescope. As we will demonstrate in this paper there is not a one-size-fits-all solution for every instrument and every telescope. In this paper we demonstrate a general method of deriving the required performance for an anti-vibration mounts for cryocoolers. First we characterize a linear Stirling-type cryocooler as a source of vibration, and determine what compliant mounts would be required to make them acceptable for use on the VLT, GMT and TMT. Measurements are taken of vibration from a Cryotel GT linear Stirling cooler (with active vibration cancellation enabled). By comparing the measured vibration against the requirements of each telescope, we are able to determine the required transfer function and therefore the required spring rate for compliant mounts. The results indicate that while some simple rubber mounts may be sufficient for use with the VLT and TMT, but a compliant mount with natural frequency below 14 Hz must be used for GMT.
There have been a dramatic increase in the number of optical and radio transient surveys due to astronomical transients such as gravitational waves and gamma ray bursts, however, there have been a limited number of wide-field infrared surveys due to narrow field-of-view and high cost of infrared cameras, we present two new wide-field near-infrared fully automated surveyors; Palomar Gattini-IR and the Dynamic REd All-sky Monitoring Survey (DREAMS). Palomar Gattini-IR, a 25 square degree J-band imager that begun science operations at Palomar Observatory, USA in October 2018; we report on survey strategy as well as telescope and observatory operations and will also providing initial science results. DREAMS is a 3.75 square degree wide-field imager that is planned for Siding Spring Observatory, Australia; we report on the current optical and mechanical design and plans to achieve on-sky results in 2020. DREAMS is on-track to be one of the first astronomical telescopes to use an Indium Galium Arsenide (InGaAs) detector and we report initial on-sky testing results for the selected detector package. DREAMS is also well placed to take advantage and provide near-infrared follow-up of the LSST.
The Leonardo SAPHIRA is a HgCdTe linear avalanche photodiode array enabling high frame rate, high sensitivity, low noise, and low dark current imaging at near-infrared wavelengths. The ANU utilised the Leonardo SAPHIRA to develop a high cadence “Lucky Imager” which was successfully tested on sky at Siding Spring Observatory. The cryogenic electronics and cryostat were designed and built by the ANU. The cryostat was cooled with a compact Stirling cycle cryocooler with active vibration damping. Various detector control systems were tested, including an ESO 'NGC' system and also a 32 channel ARC SDSU Series III. Images were ultimately captured at a windowed frame rate of 2.2 kHz with the ESO NGC controller.
The Australian National University (ANU), we are undertaking to deploy a Lucky Imaging instrument on the 2.3 m telescope at Siding Springs using a Leonardo SAPHIRA near-infrared electron Avalanche Photo-Diode (eAPD) array, capable of high cadence imaging with frame rates of 10 - 5,000 Hz over the wavelength range of 0.8 μm to 2.5 μm. compact cryocooler capable of cooling the Leonardo SAPHRA APD and associated cryogenic electronics to temperatures below 100K with little to no vibration. An ideal candidate cryocooler is the Sunpower Cryotel GT with active vibration cancellation. The Cryotel GT is an orientation independent, Stirlng cycle cooler with water jacket heat rejection. This cooler will meet the system cooling requirements. The cryocooler has been integrated with the APD Lucky Imager cryostat through 3 rubber isolating mounts and bellows and tested while suspended from a stable frame. The tethers supporting the cryostat and cooler assembly are not attached to the cryostat and cooler. The exported vibration was measured simultaneously in all 3 axis on the external cryostat wall and internally on the cryostat getter attached directly to the cold tip of the cooler. The test results were collected while the cryocooler was cooling and at the stable set point, at various levels of cooling power and with thermal control enabled and disabled.
We report the design evolution for the GMT Integral Field Spectrograph, (GMTIFS). To support the range of operating modes – a spectroscopic channel providing integral field spectroscopy with variable spaxel scales, and a parallel imaging channel Nyquist sampling the LTAO corrected field of view - the design process has focused on risk mitigation for the demanding operational tolerances. We summarise results from prototype components, confirming concepts are meeting the necessary specifications. Ongoing review and simulation of the scientific requirements also leads to new demonstrations of the science that will be made possible with this new generation of high performance AO assisted instrumentation.
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