Mr. David P. Elam Profile

David P. Elam

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2015 Paper

Effects of different terahertz frequencies on gene expression in human keratinocytes

Ibtissam Echchgadda, Cesario Cerna, Mark Sloan, David Elam, Bennet Ibey

Proceedings Volume 9321, 93210Q (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2082542

KEYWORDS: Terahertz radiation, Humidity, Radiation effects, Carbon dioxide lasers, Laser sources, Carbon dioxide, Biological research, Molecular lasers, Gas lasers, Temperature metrology

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In recent years, a surge in the development of many terahertz (THz) sensing and imaging technologies occurred leading to increased use in military and civil operations. Therefore, understanding the biological effects associated with exposures to this radiation is becoming increasingly important. Previous studies have speculated that cells exposed to different frequencies of THz radiation may exhibit differential responses. However, empirical studies to confirm such differences have not been performed. The question of whether cells exposed to different THz frequencies exhibited specific biological responses remains unclear. In this study, we exposed human keratinocytes to a THz laser tuned to several different THz frequencies using our recently developed THz exposure system. This system consists of an optically pumped molecular gas THz laser source coupled to a modified cell culture incubator permitting THz radiation exposures under controlled standard tissue culture conditions. For all frequencies, we matched the THz exposure duration and irradiance. During THz exposure, we monitored the power as DC voltage-logged values (LabVIEW™ IV log). To determine the temperature changes by THz exposure, we collected temperature readings from the unexposed and THz-exposed cells using thermocouples. We assessed cellular viability after exposure using MTT colorimetric assays. We compared the changes in gene expression profiles using messenger RNA (mRNA) microarrays, and we identified the THz-induced signaling pathways for each frequency using bioinformatics. Our data provide valuable new insights that give a comparative picture of the genes and intracellular signaling pathways triggered in cells exposed to THz radiation at different frequencies.

Proceedings Article | 17 March 2014 Paper

State-of-the-art exposure chamber for highly controlled and reproducible THz biological effects studies

Cesario Cerna, David Elam, Ibtissam Echchgadda, Mark Sloan, Gerald Wilmink

Proceedings Volume 8941, 89411H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054417

KEYWORDS: Terahertz radiation, Humidity, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide lasers, Laser sources, Absorption, In vitro testing, Sensors, Standards development

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Terahertz (THz) imaging and sensing technologies are increasingly being used at international airports for security screening purposes and at major medical centers for cancer and burn diagnosis. The emergence of new THz applications has directly resulted in an increased interest regarding the biological effects associated with this frequency range. Knowledge of THz biological effects is also desired for the safe use of THz systems, identification of health hazards, and development of empirically-based safety standards. In this study, we developed a state-of-the-art exposure chamber that allowed for highly controlled and reproducible studies of THz biological effects. This innovative system incorporated an industry grade cell incubator system that permitted a highly controlled exposure environment, where temperatures could be maintained at 37 °C ± 0.1 °C, carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels at 5% ± 0.1%, and relative humidity (RH) levels at 95% ± 1%. To maximize the THz power transmitted to the cell culture region inside the humid incubator, a secondary custom micro-chamber was fabricated and incorporated into the system. This micro-chamber shields the THz beam from the incubator environment and could be nitrogen-purged to eliminate water absorption effects. Additionally, a microscope that allowed for real-time visualization of the live cells before, during, and after THz exposure was integrated into the exposure system.

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