Single resonance chemical remote sensing, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, has limited recognition
specificity because of atmospheric pressure broadening. Active interrogation techniques promise much greater
chemical recognition that can overcome the limits imposed by atmospheric pressure broadening. Here we introduce
infrared - terahertz (IR/THz) double resonance spectroscopy as an active means of chemical remote sensing that
retains recognition specificity through rare, molecule-unique coincidences between IR molecular absorption and a
line-tunable CO2 excitation laser. The laser-induced double resonance is observed as a modulated THz spectrum
monitored by a THz transceiver. As an example, our analysis indicates that a 1 ppm cloud of CH3F 100 m thick can
be detected at distances up to 1 km using this technique.
In this work we have designed, fabricated, and tested a photonic crystal slab (PCS) with a line defect waveguide for the
detection and identification of pathogenic DNA. A PCS is constructed by fabricating a material with 2-dimensional
dielectric periodicity sandwiched between two semi-infinite cladding regions of lower effective index [1]. In order to
uniquely identify pathogens critical to medical and homeland defense applications, the PCS was functionalized with a
single stranded probe molecule providing highly specific binding for the target DNA. Integrated microfluidic channels
provide delivery of the pathogen DNA resulting in hybridization and binding in the PCS holes. The binding event
changes the refractive index of the PCS which results in a measurable change in the transmitted power. We will discuss
design parameters and the suite of modeling tools used to optimize the PCS, defect waveguide, and coupling devices.
An overview of the fabrication methods and tools will be provided and we will also report preliminary experimental
results.
The loss of Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew led to the creation of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), which concluded that a piece of external fuel tank insulating foam impacted the Shuttle’s wing leading edge. The foam created a hole in the reinforced carbon/carbon (RCC) insulating material which gravely compromised the Shuttle’s thermal protection system (TPS). In response to the CAIB recommendation, the upcoming Return to Flight Shuttle Mission (STS-114) NASA will include a Shuttle deployed sensor suite which, among other sensors, will include two laser sensing systems, Sandia National Lab’s Laser Dynamic Range Imager (LDRI) and Neptec’s Laser Camera System (LCS) to collect 3-D imagery of the Shuttle’s exterior. Herein is described a ground-based statistical testing procedure that will be used by NASA as part of a damage detection performance assessment studying the performance of each of the two laser radar systems in detecting and identifying impact damage to the Shuttle. A statistical framework based on binomial and Bayesian statistics is used to describe the probability of detection and associated statistical confidence. A mock-up of a section of Shuttle wing RCC with interchangeable panels includes a random pattern of 1/4” and 1” diameter holes on the simulated RCC panels and is cataloged prior to double-blind testing. A team of ladar sensor operators will acquire laser radar imagery of the wing mock-up using a robotic platform in a laboratory at Johnson Space Center to execute linear image scans of the wing mock-up. The test matrix will vary robotic platform motion to simulate boom wobble and alter lighting and background conditions at the 6.5 foot and 10 foot sensor-wing stand-off distances to be used on orbit. A separate team of image analysts will process and review the data and characterize and record the damage that is found. A suite of software programs has been developed to support hole location definition, damage disposition recording, statistical data analysis and results presentation. The result of the statistical analysis will provide a quantitative indication of the laboratory performance of the ladar systems in the role of through hole damage detection.
Advanced Optical Systems, Inc. is developing the Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking Sensor Suite for Marshall Space Flight Center to provide real-time range and 6 Degree Of Freedom (DOF) information. This information facilitates the autonomous docking of two spacecraft. The sensor suite is comprised of the Advanced Video Guidance Sensor (AVGS) and the Wide Angle Laser Range Finder (WALRF). AVGS was developed under NASA's Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART) program for a cooperative target and is scheduled to fly in 2004. The prototype of the WALRF is being developed at AOS under a different program. The sensor suite can provide range and bearing data up to 5km and 6 DOF information up to 300m for the DART target configuration. Different target geometries can increase range detection and 6 DOF detection distance. The sensor suite is a laser-based optical system with a combined weight of less than 40lbs and a combined volume of less than 12”×10”×18”. The WALRF system employs a bistatic transceiver with an 8° field of view (FOV). This sensor is a time-of-flight range finder with a quad detector. The AVGS section of the suite is a monostatic transceiver with a 16° FOV and high-speed imager. This section of the suite uses a pattern recognition system that reduces imager data into 6 DOF information. In this paper we will outline in detail the AVGS and WLRF functionality as well as experimental range data and measurement accuracy.
Recent studies have indicated that polarized light may be useful in the discrimination between benign and malignant moles. In fact, imaging polarimetry could provide noninvasive diagnosis of a range of dermatological disease states. However, in order to design an efficacious sensor for clinical use, the complete polarization-altering properties of a particular disease must be well understood. We present Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry as a technique for characterizing various dermatological diseases. Preliminary Mueller matrix imagery at 633 nm suggests that both malignant moles and lupus lesions may be identified through polarimetric measurements. Malignant moles are found to be less depolarizing than the surrounding tissue, and lupus lesions are found to have rapidly varying retardance orientation.
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