The 4-Metre Multi-Object Spectrograph Telescope (4MOST) is a second-generation instrument build for ESO’s VISTA telescope in Chile, enabling large-scale spectroscopic surveys of the night sky. 4MOST will complement several European space-based observatories and future ground-based survey facilities, furthering our understanding of the universe. The instrument uses over 2 400 science optical fibres to collect and transmit light simultaneously from various astronomical targets to three spectrographs. Two thirds of the fibres will go to low-resolutions spectrographs and the remaining to a high-resolution spectrograph. Each spectrograph has three channels. Each channel uses a charge-coupled device (CCD) 231-C6 from Teledyne e2v, which gives a total of 9 science detectors. The detectors have a resolution of 6k × 6k with a pixel size of 15 μm which accounts for a total image area of 92.2mm × 92.4 mm. The image area has four separately connected sections that allow the read-out to be conducted through four output circuits. The data acquisition and signal processing unit of each detector is a new general detector controller (NGC), which is a versatile platform for infrared and optical detectors developed by ESO that is already employed in several state-of-the-art instruments. During the testing phase of the different spectrographs, flat frames were acquired that showed an unidentified image structure manifesting mostly as diagonal lines across all quadrants with central-to-edge preferential pathways. The observed fingerprint showed a slightly elevated charge amount over a few pixels wide when compared to the rest of the array. Due to the dynamic variation of the affected pixels across successive frames, the feasibility of mitigating the described phenomenon through calibration was impractical. While large format CCDs of this nature find extensive application, and the NGC is a prevalent choice for ESO instrumentation, the observation of this particular artifact appears to be previously undocumented, although it shows some similarities with the tearing patterns observed in other deep-depletion devices which are associated with field distortions in thick silicon. In this work, we describe, evaluate, and present a removal technique for the undefined image structure observed in the science detectors of the 4MOST instrument.
4MOST is a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under construction for ESO's 4m-VISTA telescope at Paranal, Chile. Its key specifications are: a large field of view of 4.4 square degrees, a high multiplex fibre positioner based on the tilting spine principle positioning 2436 science fibres, 1624 fibres going to two low-resolution spectrographs (R = λ/Δλ ~ 6500), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph (R ~ 20,000). The instrument is entirely completed and is being shipped to Paranal Observatory, Chile in the first few months of 2024. Commissioning will take place summer 2024 with full operations expected to start early 2025. An overview will be given of instrument capabilities, the planned, and the unique operational scheme of 4MOST.
4MOST is a versatile spectroscopic facility soon to be installed on the ESO VISTA Telescope at Paranal. Prior to shipment to Chile, our team is conducting a comprehensive characterization of the instrument in a controlled laboratory setting. This preparatory phase is crucial for ensuring the fulfilment of both technical specifications and some key user requirements. The goal of this verification campaign is to obtain characterization data which will benchmark the performance of the spectrographs and the calibration unit against established metrics. The data primarily tests the spectral performance of the three spectrographs, the stability of the system, including the calibration unit, as well as the fiber throughput, which are pivotal for the success of 4MOST’s ambitious science goals. Additionally, the verification contains a selection of user requirements, ensuring the instrument’s readiness for the diverse scientific objectives it aims to enable. The results from these tests inform the observational strategy for future normal science operations. In this paper we outline the undertaken preparatory work, the applied testing procedures, and the anticipated implications of these tests, and their results, in the context of the final verification at the telescope, commissioning and normal science operations. This initial test phase marks a critical juncture in the 4MOST project timeline, setting the stage for a successful commissioning.
4MOST is a wide-field, high-multiplex, fibre-fed spectrograph, which will be mounted on the ESO VISTA telescope. High- and low-redshift surveys, targeting stars, galaxies, and AGN, can be executed in parallel, populating all the available 2436 fibers. Here, we present the 4MOST calibration plan, concentrating on the unique features dictated by the design of the instrument. These include the night-time backillumination of the fibers for precise metrology, simultaneous calibrations by dedicated fibers, attached night-time flatfield and wavelength calibration via a laser driven light source with a Fabry Perot etalon (FPE) on a moving carriage, and the observations of benchmark, telluric, and radial velocity standards for the science cross-calibration between 4MOST and complementary surveys from other telescopes.
4MOST is a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under construction for ESO's 4m-VISTA telescope at Paranal, Chile. Its key specifications are: a large field of view of 4.4 square degrees, a high multiplex fibre positioner based on the tilting spine principle that positions 2436 science fibres in the focal surface of which 1624 fibres go to two low-resolution optical spectrographs (R = λ/Δλ ~ 6500) and 812 fibres transfer light to the high-resolution optical spectrograph (R ~ 20,000). Currently, almost all subsystems are completed and full testing in Europe will be finished in spring 2023, after which 4MOST will be shipped to Chile. An overview is given of instrument construction and capabilities, the planned science of the consortium and the recently selected community programmes, and the unique operational scheme of 4MOST.
The 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST) is a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under development for the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) at Paranal. Its key specifications are: a large field of view (FoV) of 4.4 square degrees and a high multiplex capability, with 1624 fibres feeding two low-resolution spectrographs (R =6500), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph (R ≈ 20000). For the end-to-end characterization of the 4MOST facility, we analyze the impact of the atmosphere at Paranal, VISTA telescope, wide field corrector, atmospheric dispersion compensator, tilting spine positioner, fibre system, spectrographs and detector systems. We present an exhaustive analysis of the most influential characteristics on the transmission efficiency for a 4MOST observation. Many environmental, telescope, and instrumental effects can be characterized in isolation, such as glass transmission. But there are also many effects that are caused by a combination of multiple components. For example, the residual atmospheric dispersion in combination with fibre positioning errors; or the fibre field position in combination with fibre tilt angle as well as the fibre focus position. To capture this complexity, we present a coherent quantitative assessment of each significant individual effect, as well as a relevant selection of effect combinations. To quantify the impact on the survey nature of the 4MOST instrument, we also introduce parts of the optical performance simulator TOAD, which was used to compute the impact each effect.
A status overview of 4MOST is presented, a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under construction for ESO's VISTA telescope at Paranal. Its key specifications are: a large field of view of 4.4 deg2 and a high multiplex capability, with 1624 fibres feeding two low-resolution spectrographs (R = λ/Δλ ~ 6500), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph (R ~ 20 000). The 4MOST system integration has commenced and the selection process for ESO community survey programmes has been started. This overview presents the expected performance of the instrument, the science the consortium expects to carry out, and the unique operational scheme of 4MOST.
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