Lightning causes great property losses to human beings every year, therefore how to control lightning and reduce its harm has always been one of the hotspots of the scientific community. In recent years, with the development of high energy ultra-fast laser technology, the peak power of ultrafast laser has been able to reach the GW, TW and even PW. Under the support of such high peak power laser technology, a new type of lightning triggering and guiding technology -- lasertriggered lightning has gradually attracted researchers’ attention. When the laser power intensity reaches TW, Kerr selffocusing effect and plasma defocusing effect will reach dynamic equilibrium. At this time, a light filament with a diameter of a few millimeters and a length of several hundred meters will be formed in the atmosphere, and a low-density plasma channel will be generated in the path. Then a leader is formed through the plasma channel which can trigger and guide discharge from the thunderstorm cloud. Compared with the traditional triggering and guiding of lightning technology, triggering and guiding of lightning by ultrafast Laser has the advantages of flexibility, pollution-free, no consumable consumption, flexible initiative, etc. It will be an important lightning triggering and guiding technology in the future, and it has gradually attracted the attention of scholars from various countries and has obtained a lot of research results. This paper mainly introduces the basic principles of laser-triggered-and-guided lightning, including the laser filament formation mechanism, the basic principle of laser-triggered-and-guided lightning and its history and recent research progress. Moreover, the scientific difficult problems and possible solutions for laser-triggered-and-guided lightning are also discussed, which can be a reference for future development of laser-triggered-and-guided lightning technology.
Graded-index multimode fibers attracted interest in nonlinear regime for their unique nonlinear dynamics characteristics. We report the supercontinuum generation pumped by a superluminescent pulse amplification in graded-index multimode fiber. Efficient supercontinuum was generated and the beam profile cleanup was observed. The speckle characteristics of this supercontinuum is measured and compared to another supercontinuum induced by a homemade mode-locked fiber laser. It is found that the supercontinuum generated by superluminescent pulse amplification attains a smoother speckle structure and lower optical coherence. Our results indicate that the superluminescent pulse amplification could be a more effective means to produce low coherent supercontinuum sources than traditional lasers.
We present an approach for green laser-light generation based on a fiber superluminescent pulse amplification system and frequency doubling to 552 nm with a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. The SPA system used in the experiment is capable of yielding 6-nm-bandwidth, 10 ns pulsees. The 10-mm-long PPLN with 6.95 μm period and 0.5 mm thick generated high-power green light with single pulse energy up to 5.49 μJ when hte broadband input pulse coherence characteristics of the superluminescent pulse amplifier and the frequency doubling. This generated green light has proved to have low speckle noise and low photon degeneracy.
In this paper, we demonstrate a novel concept of collision avoidance based on single photon detectors along with time correlated single photon counting techniques, which uses chaotic pulse position modulation for anti-crosstalk considerations. In order to distract the signal from estimated background noise, parameters including pulse rate, discrimination threshold and number of accumulated pulses have been thoroughly analyzed based on the detection requirements, resulting in specified receiver operating characteristics curves. Both simulation and indoor experiments were performed to verify the excellent anti-crosstalk capability of the presented collision avoidance LIDAR despite of ultra-low transmitting power.
In this paper, we present an analysis of transverse mode competition mechanism in multicore fiber lasers based on the transversally-resolved steady rate equations with consideration of transverse gain distribution and mode propagation loss. Based on the model, the output beam properties of 7-core and 19-core fiber lasers are simulated numerically when applying a plane reflection mirror and Talbot cavity as the feedback boundary conditions, respectively. We propose a new parameter of brightness factor to find out the best Talbot distance. We also give analysis on the influence of the fiber core separation distance and core diameter to the output laser beam quality. The study shows that the Talbot cavity can realize the mode selection of multicore fiber lasers and make the in-phase supermode dominate in the output beam, thus enhancing the quality of the output beam. The shorter the core separation distance and the core diameter are, the better the output beam quality would be. The best optimized core separation distance within acceptable beam quality restriction and the processing technic limit is obtained. This work has great prospective in the design and application of multicore fibers.
The performance of code-division multiple access (CDMA) as a multiple-access technique for optical wireless communications is evaluated. The information data is modulated through dual-amplitude pulse interval modulation (DAPIM). Optical orthogonal code is used as the signature sequence. The upper bound and lower bound on the exact probability of errors per slot and per packet are derived in the presence of ambient background noise. We investigate the performance characteristics for various system parameters, including the SNR of the source information bits, receiver threshold, DAPIM order, and number of users.
Differential phase detection (DPD) and push-pull methods are widely used to generate tracking error signals in reading and writing high-density digital disks. Radial and tangential tilts, which will deteriorate the performance of the servo system, occur while the disk is spinning. Such influences vary with different tracking error generating methods and physical parameters of the disk. An analytic description of the disk diffraction model is obtained by diffraction theory. Disk radial tilt effects on tracking error signal and cross talk of read only and rewriteable disks are simulated and analyzed. A tracking error signal offset caused by radial tilt is 0.06 µm/deg on a DVD-ROM disk using the DPD method, 0.15 µm/deg using the push-pull method, and 0.12 µm/deg (0.10 pitch/deg) using the DPD method on a DVD-RAM disk. The DPD method exhibits better performance than the push-pull method when the disk is tilted on a DVD-RAM disk. The relationship between the tracking error signal offset and the groove depth is obtained in advance. The intertrack cross talk is also analyzed when disk tilt occurs.
A split Monte Carlo algorithm based on Phong's radiation model for the calculation of the impulse response on infrared wireless indoor channels with various reflecting property is presented. It allows evaluation of not only Lambertian-diffuse but also direction-diffuse reflections. The numerical burden can be dramatically reduced with nearly geometric growth in the number of rays compared to classical deterministic algorithm for exponential ray growths.
In the wireless infrared communications it is necessary to place a non-imaging optic concentrator in front of the planar PIN photo-detector in order to achieve more optic energy that can result in greater electrical SNR ratio. Incidence rays, which have different directions relative to the axis of concentrator, will produce different optic gain, and then it changes the channel impulse response compared with the one which is made in a simple planar PIN detector system. In addition, the field of view (FOV) will dramatically affect the system performance. Decreasing the FOV of concentrator will reduce the multipath-induced intersymbol interference (ISI), but at the same time it also reduces the total optic energy that is received. This paper demonstrates the effect of concentrator on impulse response of IR wireless indoor channel and compares the differences of the impulse responses of diffuse channel, basing on whether a hemisphere concentrator or a truncated spherical concentrator has been used. The paper also presents the relationships between FOV and system bandwidth and between FOV and average optical energy. A conclusion of optimal result is drawn.
For optical wireless networking, it is desirable to employ nondirected links whose performance depends on the reflection characteristics of the indoor surfaces. The non-Lambert reflection pattern, Phong model, is considered in the calculation of the multipath impulse response function as well as Lambert reflection pattern. The bit error rate (BER) of the optical wireless direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system using biorthogonal Walsh codes is investigated on a non-Lambert reflection channel. Simulation results demonstrate that biorthogonal DSSS systems can combat multipath dispersion with small power penalties very well. And by comparison, we show how much the error of the performance prediction for the biorthogonal DSSS system will occur when using Lamertian approximation on the non-Lambert channel.
In this paper, we present an infrared wireless indoor communication system that bases on Ethernet network. The bit rate of Ethernet is 10Mbps, but after Manchester coding, in the physical layer the actual bit rate is 20Mbps. In our designs, the transmitter uses laser diodes (LDs). The transmitter consists of differential input circuit, LD driver circuit. The receiver consists of a coated truncated spherical concentrator whose field of view (FOV) is 40 degree, a large area Si PIN photo-detector followed by transimpedance amplifier, second-stage amplifier, low-pass filter (LPF), high-pass filter (HPF), limiting amplifier and differential output circuit. The network is constructed as a base-terminals configuration and two transit wavelengths are used for base and terminals respectively to avoid collision. Experimental testing was conducted in a room with size 5m × 5m × 3m and the network could work well.
We have developed a new method other than traditional technique based on ray tracing and optimization algorithm to design arbitrary aspherics. Analytic definition of the aspheric surfaces is done away with and numerical solution of nonlinear difference equations called Aspheric Intrinsic Equations (AIE) is implemented instead. Simulation results compared with traditional optical design software are presented, which prove that this new method is more effective and reliable in designing aspheric surfaces.
In this paper, the pupil energy distribution is calculated with parameters of digital versatile disk and by using the scalar diffraction theory. In view of radial tilt, a radial tilt angle in pit model is added, and consequently, a simulation of push-pull tracking error is given when a radial tilt error occurs. Furthermore, the influence of radial tilt is analyzed by using push-pull tracking servo method.
The performance of high-speed non-directed diffuse indoor infrared wireless communication is mainly affected by intersymbol interference (ISI) due to multipath dispersion. The direct-sequence spread spectrum systems are applied to combat multipath dispersion. However, when the data rate is close to the channel 3dB bandwith, the spread spectrum technique may have a worse performance than OOK transmission as it is affected by more severe ISI. Exploiting muli-spot link, we can improve the performance of spread spectrum technique to be much better than OOK modulation because a higher channel bandwith are obtained. Both the analytical and simulation results are presented.
The impulse response of the wireless infrared communication channel determines performances of communication system, such as multipath penalty over the maximum baud rate and hidden-station situations. It is significant to correctly describe the impulse response of the working channel for design and performance evaluation of communication systems.
In this paper, details of a simulation package that obtains impulse responses for arbitrary wireless infrared indoor channels are presented. Capability of estimating the effects of shapes of room or objects, surface reflection and transmission characteristics on impulse responses is the most important feature of this package. The common simulation models just consider empty cubic rectangular room, with surfaces assumed to be Lambertian reflection pattern. With several examples given in this paper, the conclusions can be drawn that the common simulations models are not adequate to describe the real complicated communication environment and not suitable to the requirement of accurate performance prediction for the communication systems. The results give a demonstration that the use of the common simulation models to approximate the real wireless channels can introduce several decibels in the evaluation of the path loss.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Wireless communications, Signal to noise ratio, Infrared radiation, Transmitters, Signal detection, Radio optics, Computer programming, Receivers, Data communications
This paper introduces a new modulation scheme, dual-amplitude pulse interval modulation (DAPIM) for optical wireless communications. We present the expression for bandwidth requirement, slot and packet error rates, and optical power requirements in a nondispersive channel. We find that DAPIM achieves improved bandwidth and/or power efficiency compared with OOK, PPM, and PIM. DAPIM with 4 bits and 5 bits per symbol is attractive in terms of optical power and bandwidth requirements.
The free-space optical (FSO) communication technology has the advantages of broadband, high-security, immunity to radio, low cost and license-free, etc. It has become a good solution for the "last-mile" access networks. In this paper, We give an outline for designs of the transmitter and receiver circuits, as well as the optical system. The technical parameters calculations of a particular FSO system are also presented.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Wireless communications, Monte Carlo methods, Error analysis, Digital modulation, Modulation, Infrared radiation, Receivers, Data communications, Electronics
This paper investigates the equalized performance of digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) in the presence of multipath propagation and additive white Gaussian noise. The results for slot error rate (SER) versus electronics SNR with and without equalizer are presented and made by Monte Carlo simulation with a simplified model of the generated received signal, which depends on the impulse response of the channel. Simulation results show that the performance of DPIM system can be improved dramatically by using an equalizer for a severe intersymbol interference (ISI) channel.
KEYWORDS: Interfaces, Local area networks, Transceivers, Modulation, Radio optics, Standards development, Data communications, Clocks, Physics, Computer programming
As infrared transmission has the advantages of wide bandwidth, immunity to radio interference, high security and license-free, it is an attractive alternative to radio for wireless local area networks LAN. The design of an interface between the high-speed optical wireless transceiver (>20Mbps) and the optical wireless LAN is presented in this paper. We transplant the IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) layer protocol to our system, define and implement a new physical (PHY) layer management module. This management module can also provide us an experimental platform to analyze the performance of the modulation schemes, such as L-PPM, PIM, DH-PIM, etc. Due to its characteristics of flexibility, simplicity and low cost, the management module is a good choice for the indoor optical wireless LANs.
As excellent performance is difficult to achieve in traditional laser beam scanner, which adopt cumbersome transmission mechanisms, this paper will propose a novel type, which employs permanent magnetic suspension structure. Static stability of such a scanning system will be analyzed fully based on magnetic theory and 3D-FEM tools. Finally, typical experiments verify that high static stability can be realized by this novel permanent magnetic suspension scanner. Other techniques involved in this type of laser beam scanner, including the scanning theory, precision control and dynamic stability, will be referred in later papers.
We analyze superresolution techniques in optoelectronic imaging systems. Sampling is necessity in optoelectronic imaging systems. Aliasing will occur when sampling an object containing frequencies exceeding half the sampling rate, i.e., high frequencies will overlap with low frequencies and significantly degrade image quality. The schemes of expanding the unaliased bandwith and recovering the aliased high frequencies are referred to as superresolution techniques here, including techniques of microscanning (MS), microzooming (MZ) and dual-magnification (DM). They all exploit series of frames of the same object, but different in image acquisition and processing. MS using subpixel shift frames is simple in reconstruction, but complex in shift machine. MZ using different magnification frames is less complex in machinery, but needs data processing in spectrum. DM can achieve the results similar to MS or MZ with fewer undersampled frames, but only suitable to periodic targets. Theoretical comparison and computer simulations about these techniques are presented.
Dual-magnification technique for the reduction of moire artifacts, the aliasing of periodic targets caused by sub- sampling, by using two aliased frames of the same periodic target with different optical magnifications is proposed. The technique makes aliasing noise be the source of higher frequency extraction so that superresolution is realized. Simulations and experimental results are presented.
Sampling is a necessity in discrete imaging systems. In the event that the scene being sampled contains information with frequencies greater than half the sampling frequency, the resulting samples will contain aliasing error artifacts caused by spectral foldover of the periodic sampled image data. We analyze two models for the reduction of aliased signal energy in discrete imaging systems, microscan model and optical refiltering model. Microscan model means translating the image over the detector array by a subpixel distance and then resampling the image, thus increasing the spatial sampling rate to provide the discrete imaging system with a large aliasing-less bandwidth. Optical refiltering model means considering an optical prefilter which makes an image to have no frequencies greater than the Nyquist frequency, insuring that any aliasing information will not appear in the output image. Computer simulation is presented to compare these two models and relative merits of each of them are discussed. It is difficult to say which model is better due to their different schemes in dealing with the high frequencies. A performance tradeoff selection between microscan and refiltering must include the purposes, conditions and quality demands of the imaging process practically considered.
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