Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have attracted great attention as promising platforms for high-data-rate communications and high-performance computing. For the PICs, photonic devices with compatible materials, compact footprint, high-performance, and sophisticated functionalities are necessary building blocks. Design optimization to implement such devices for target applications and requirements are of critical importance. In this respect, inverse design methods, including iterative optimizations and deep neural networks, have demonstrated significant advantages over the traditional simulation-based trial-and-error optimization approach. We provide an overview of the recent progress on the inverse designs for the integrated photonic devices. The principles and procedure of the inverse design methods are presented and discussed, followed by a summary of the methods employed for specific integrated photonic devices in different integrated photonics material platforms. Finally, topics of future applications and fabrication constraints for the inverse design methods are discussed.
Distributed fiber acoustic sensing (DAS) technology combined with the existing extensive submarine optical fiber network is an attractive option for real-time underwater seismic monitoring. Here the earthquake monitoring capability of DAS is evaluated, in terms of magnitude estimation, detection coverage, and directional responsivity. The quantitative DAS seismic response is verified by disturbance experiment. The reliability of DAS detection coverage is demonstrated with several seismic events recorded by DAS at Zhaotong test site and the accuracy of DAS magnitude estimation is verified by comparing with seismic station magnitude, which shows great potential for using DAS in global underwater earthquakes continuous monitoring.
We propose and demonstrate a feedback tunable self-injection locked (SIL) narrow linewidth laser, the feedback light intensity is dynamically adjusted to find the best locking state. The self-injection locked laser is composed of distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser and high quality (Q) factor silicon nitride (SiN) external cavity, tunable sagnac loop reflector is used to achieve arbitrary ratio of feedback light and output light on the basis of add-drop type high Q microring resonator (MRR). The results show that the SIL state is closely related to the ratio of feedback light. When the optical feedback ratio is higher than -14 dB, a robust SIL state can be achieved, and the locking state is independent of the phase of the feedback light, the intrinsic linewidth is narrowed from 130 kHz to 1 kHz. By optimizing the ratio of feedback light to -9.3 dB, a narrow linewidth output of 345 Hz can be achieved. This work has important application value in the field of coherent laser communication and coherent detection.
Single frequency laser sources with high frequency stabilization serve as the backbone for the fields from advanced scientific experiments to industrial or commercial applications, thanks to the rapid development of laser frequency stabilization techniques based on optical or electrical feedback from an external reference. Despite the tremendous progress, it still remains an open question as to how to realize a laser source that can reach the high frequency stabilization and still remain sufficiently compact and portable for field use, with the increasing interest in applying these systems outside of the laboratory. Here, we describe a frequency stabilization DFB fiber laser with intracavity frequency reference mechanism, by utilizing the beat note of dual modes inside the laser cavity as the laser wavelength drift reference signal. As one of the best results for the laser frequency stabilization without the external frequency reference, the outcome of this work presents a way to achieve a stable laser source as an alternative to the laser-locked to absorption line or FP cavity design with a simpler, lower cost feature, offering promising prospects for versatile applications outside of the laboratory.
In coherent test system like sensing, imaging and communication, the coherence of the light source is very important. Our recent advances focusing on the measurement of noise characterization of highly coherent laser and its applications in the coherent test system are reviewed. Using the noise spectrum and statistic characterization to represent the coherence is proposed. And the parallel 3-step phase-shift measurement method from 500nm to 2000nm based on the 120-degree phase difference fiber interferometer is also proposed to measure the noise characterization. Some kinds of typical highly coherent laser applied in the coherent sensing and imaging system are measured. And the impact of their performance on the application system are also discussed.
Low noise laser sources with narrow linewidth and low intensity noise are key tools in a broad range of applications such as optical sense, microwave photonics, coherent optical communications and so on. The report gives an introduction about our research progress of the narrow-linewidth single frequency DFB fiber lasers. An internally developed DFB fiber laser is developed. The noise characteristic of laser output is studied in detail. The frequency noise in low Fourier frequency is reduced via using the low noise pump and intracavity optical negative feedback. Furthermore, an injecting lock scheme is used to reduce the intensity noise. A fiber laser output with low frequency noise and low intensity noise has been demonstrated.
KEYWORDS: Safety, Fiber optics sensors, Reflectometry, Signal processing, Signal detection, Interference (communication), Optical amplifiers, Bragg cells, Knowledge management, Signal to noise ratio
High-speed railway is being developed rapidly; its safety, including infrastructure and train operation, is vital. This paper presents a railway-subgrade vibration monitoring scheme based on phase-sensitive OTDR for railway safety. The subgrade vibration is detected and rebuilt. Multi-dimension comprehensive analysis (MDCA) is proposed to identify the running train signals and illegal constructions along railway. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that a railway-subgrade vibration monitoring scheme is proposed. This scheme is proved effective by field tests for real-time train tracking and activities monitoring along railway. It provides a new passive distributed way for all-weather railway-subgrade vibration monitoring.
KEYWORDS: Spatial resolution, Reflectometry, Signal to noise ratio, Frequency modulation, Signal detection, Ferroelectric materials, Data acquisition, Modulation, Bragg cells, Digital signal processing
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a pulse compression phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometer (φ- OTDR) with sub-meter resolution. Principle and theoretical analysis on the spatial resolution, the feasibility to obtain the phase information are provided. This technique can break the tradeoff between spatial resolution and measurement range in the traditional φ-OTDR. As example, our verifying experiment achieves 30cm spatial resolution and 20km measurement range, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) reaches 10dB. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a high spatial resolution over such a long sensing range is reported in φ-OTDR-based distributed vibration sensing.
A butterfly-packaged narrow-linewidth hybrid integrated external cavity diode laser module based on the polarization maintaining fiber Bragg grating is reported. The module emits at the wavelength of 1550 nm and provides 21 GHz of continuous tunability. It produces ≥ 20 mW of polarization maintaining fiber-coupled output power with intrinsic Lorentz linewidth ≤ 3 kHz and RIN ≤140 dB/√Hz@100 kHz. To qualify the reliability of the laser module under harsh environmental conditions, random vibration test and high-low temperature cycling test are carried out, and no degradation of the power current characteristic is observed.
We demonstrate a narrow-linewidth laser source for high spatial resolution distributed optical sensing by utilizing the high-order modulation sidebands injection locking. A pair of phase-locked lasers with arbitrary frequency offset from 5 GHz to 50 GHz is generated. Meanwhile, a linearized frequency sweep covering range of 15 GHz in 6 ms with frequency errors of 240 kHz from linearity is also achieved using the same scheme, the instantaneous linewidth of the frequency-swept laser is measured to be ~2.5 kHz.
High side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and higher optical power output of frequency
converted lightwave is successfully realized by single side band injection locking of distributed feedback laser (DFB). This method is of great potential in the application of fast optical frequency sweep signal generation. Compared to that acquired from direct carrier suppressed single sideband (CS-SSB), the
SMSR of the injection locked slave laser by single sideband injection locking is much higher (32.5dB to 12dB at best), and the power of the injection locked slave laser output is 11dB higher (-22dBm to -33.5dBm) than converting directly from CS-SSB. The variation of SMSR and locking bandwidth of the
slave laser as optical injection ratio changes is also researched.
Polarization fading is a phenomenon observed often in BOTDR distributed sensors, which greatly reduces signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signal. We proposed a scheme based on injecting optical pulse probes with orthogonal polarization states, which is generated by a delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composed of two polarization beam splitters (PBS). The principle is analyzed and the effect of reducing polarization fading is demonstrated experimentally. The method uses simple and passive components and is suitable for practical applications.
A novel high sampling rate multi-pulse phase-sensitive OTDR (Φ-OTDR) employing frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is proposed to increase the sampling rate of the long distance sensor system. Compared with the conventional Φ- OTDR, the new system owns much higher detection bandwidth as more probe pulses are allowed simultaneously traveling in the sensing fiber. The feasibility of the technique is experimentally verified. By multiplexing four different frequencies, we realize a experimental system with 20kHz vibration detection bandwidth over 10km sensing range.
The signal noise ratio (SNR) enhancement of spontaneous Brillouin scattering spectrum on Brilloluin optical time
domain reflectometry (BOTDR) sensing system have been demonstrated experimentally through changing the pulse
shape. With the same pulse width, the SNRs of the coherent detection power spectrum for trapezoidal pulse and
triangular pulse increase relative to that of rectangular pulse. The sensing distances are also increased. This will be
helpful to improve the spatial resolution or achieve longer sensing distance in the BOTDR sensing system.
A phase-shifted double pulse method is proposed to reduce the influence of inner-pulse interference induced fading on
phase demodulation of the Φ-OTDR. The feasibility of the technique is experimentally verified and the measurement
resolution of the Φ-OTDR is minimized to as low as 0.1rad by using this technique. The experimental system
demonstrates a distributed phase monitoring capability over 4km range with SNR of >20 and detection bandwidth
of >360Hz.
A compact short-cavity fiber laser configured with
Er3+/Yb3+ highly co-doped phosphate glass fiber which has linear
polarization and single frequency output is fabricated experimentally. The threshold power of the laser is about 30mW,
and larger than 100mW output power is achieved with slope efficiency of 20% at 1549nm. At the meantime, sine
modulation, positive pulse and chaos state in the output power at different experimental condition are observed. And a
new theoretical model is proposed to describe the mechanism of the observed intensity instability behavior in the fiber
laser and the numerical results proved its feasibility. It is confirmed that the self-pulsing behavior is mainly caused by
different small external feedback. So there is an efficient way to overcome self-pulsing behavior in the compact single
polarized fiber laser by minimizing the external feedback.
A local oscillator for coherent detection of backward Brillouin scattering in Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry
(BOTDR) has been analyzed. A ring Brillouin fiber laser, whose Brillouin gain media is 70m high-nonlinear-fiber
(HNLF), is used as local oscillator of coherent detection. The BFL operates at 1549.06nm red-shifted 0.084nm from the
pump laser. As to Brillouin light, The detection frequency is reduced from ~11GHz of direct detection to ~420MHz of
heterodyne detection in this paper. Self-lasing cavity-modes of BFL impose the "burr" intervalled at 2.5MHz on the
frequency domain analysis of the beat-frequency siganl. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of beat-frequency signal decreases
greatly, resulting to Lorentzian fitting with error. By adjusting variable optical attenuator (VOA) to increase the cavity
loss in the fiber ring cavity, the self-lasing cavity-modes will be eliminated and a stable Brillouin laser will be obtained.
The frequency estimation accuracy is improved greatly.
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Light scattering, Fiber lasers, Digital signal processing, Rayleigh scattering, Ferroelectric materials, Modulation, Laser scattering, Oscillators
The digital coherent detection method is employed into the φ-OTDR. The heterodyne detection offers very high optical
gain while the digital signal processing serves as an effective tool to rebuild the instantaneous electric field of Rayleigh
scattering light by analyzing the beating signal. Both amplitude and phase signal are obtained in our experiment. PZT
vibration measurement verifies that the phase difference signal well represents the external perturbation signal and also
with higher SNR. The proposed newφ-OTDR system shows a good application foreground in the area of distributed
vibration measurement.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on U-shape plastic optical fiber (POF) was described. Analyte-sensitive fluorophore
are entrapped into ormosil film by using Sol-gel method. Phase modulation technique is used to measure fluorescence
lifetime. The influence of oxygen indictor concentration, annealing time and U-shaped POF curve radius on the systems
sensitivity is studied.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on ruthenium(Ru) fluorescence and U-shape plastic optical fiber (POF) was described.
Dichlorotris (1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) was used as an oxygen indicator, which was coated on to the surface
of a 1mm diameter U-shaped POF. Phase modulation technique is used to measure fluorescence lifetime. The phase
difference between 100% and 0% dissolved oxygen is 1.78 degree. By using the nonlinear assumption, we also calculate
that the there are only 20% thickness of the sensor material is affected by DO.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Multiplexers, Extremely high frequency, Picosecond phenomena, Microwave radiation, Radio over Fiber, Signal generators, Dispersion, Numerical simulations, Radio optics
A novel scheme is proposed to generate a millimeter-wave (MMW) optical pulse by combining optical time division
multiplexing (OTDM) technology and temporal Talbot effect (TTE). A n:1 time multiplexer is used for OTDM, and an
LCFG plays a role of TTE. The basic principle is analyzed by using a Gaussian input short pulse, and its characteristics
are discussed by numerical simulation. It is shown that the proposed scheme is feasible for MMW signal generation and
has potential merits for practical application of Radio over Fiber (ROF) technology.
An organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel material by using Tetraethylorthosilicate(Teos) and phenyltriethoxysilane(Phtes) as precursors was synthesized, and a planar optical waveguide was fabricated by using spin-coating on silicon substrate. A rib waveguide was formed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). A relation between refractive index and composition of the precursors was obtained by M-line method; the optical loss of the planar waveguide was measured to be 0.23dB/cm at 632.8nm wavelength. A directional coupler was also realized.
The frequency selectivity of integrated optical ring resonators makes them key components for many devices, including filters, switches and sensors. The ion-exchange technique is an economical and simple method to fabricate good quality optical waveguides and useful devices. In this paper, with the mixed melt salt of AgNO3 and KNO3 used as the source of exchanging ions, a racetrack waveguide resonator was fabricated in K9 glass. The reflection and transmission spectra of the resonator were measured, and the coupling ratio and propagation loss were derived by an improved method. The phase shift of 2π was realized by using thermo-optical effect within 16 degree change of temperature. The resonator is a promising device for filtering, sensing and other applications.
A novel fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with a long-period grating as a linear response edge filter to convert wavelength into intensity-encoded information for interrogation. The sensor is embedded into an aluminum substrate with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion to enhance its temperature sensitivity. A large dynamic range of 110 °C and a high resolution of 0.02 °C are obtained in the experiments. The technique can be used for multiplexed measurements with one broadband source and one long-period grating, and therefore is low cost.
Based on matched fiber grating interrogation scheme, a fiber grating strain sensors system has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated on an equivalent-strength cantilever beam model, which can be deployed for civil structural strain and mechanical vibration simultaneous detection. Through special designing of sensor head, the temperature cross-sensitivity in strain sensing has been automatically removed. A common-path reference measurement structure has been used, so measurement errors caused by fluctuation of losses in the system or the light source power has been effectively eliminated, and the long-term stability of sensor system has been improved.
Some research results on tunable fiber gratings and their applications are presented in this paper. Dynamic characteristics of thermal tuned FBG by surface coated heater are described. Tuning characteristics and effects of friction in compression tuning packaging are analyzed. Tuning behaviors of LPG in Panda fiber are described and discussed. A pressure sensor by LPG is presented. And demodulation for sensor systems by using tunable FBG is proposed.
In this paper, a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor system with low cost demodulation mechanism was proposed. The broadband light source was demodulated by a long period fiber grating (LPG) with an appropriate attenuation band. The sensing FBG was encapsulated with aluminum groove to make the FBG have a higher thermal expansion coefficient. The sensor with enhanced sensitivity 0.02°C was realized.
Optical fiber sensors based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) technology have found many applications in the area of civil structural monitoring systems, such as in bridge monitoring and maintenance. FBG sensors can measure the deformation, overload and cracks on bridge with a high sensitivity. In this paper we report on our recent work a structural monitoring system using FBG sensors. Basic theoretical background and design of the system is described here, including the light source, FBG sensors, demodulator sensors, signal detection and processing schemes. The system will be installed on a major arch bridge currently under construction in Shanghai, China for long-term in situ health monitoring. The system schematic arrangement on the bridge is introduced in brief. Simulation experiments in the laboratory were carried out to test the performance of FBG strain sensors. The sensor response shows excellent linearity against the strain imposed on it. Traffic and overload monitoring on bridge using FBG sensors is also discussed and planned for the near future.
In this paper, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, a new decreasing Q-switched pulse width method. We can reduce the pulse width of the MZI Q-switched by moving the pulse of ECL (whose pulse width is narrower than the MZI Q-switched pulse) into the MZI Q-switched pulse. And in our experiment, the pulse width of the MZI Q-switched is 4? s, the ultimate pulse width is O.8? s. So the ultimate pulse width is one fifth of the MZI Q-switched.
Chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is one of most attractive components for chromatic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we discuss the possible factors that affect the characteristics of chirped fiber grating made by phase mask technique, including collimating of writing laser beam, growing rate and using non-zeroth-order suppression diffraction phase-mask. Meanwhile, the experimental results show that a 10cm-long chirped fiber grating fabricated through this processing was reasonably feasible for chromatic dispersion compensation in 10 Gbit/s transmission system.
In this paper a new structure all fiber Q-switched Erbium-doped fiber laser by using all-fiber wavelength selective intensity modulator based on fiber grating loop mirror (FGLM) was reported. This Q-switched scheme not only modulates loss of the cavity but also selects wavelength. Stable optical pulse with 3 dB linewidth of 0.07 nm, pulse width of 1.4 microsecond(s) , average power of 14.2 mW, and peak power of 1.267 W at 80 mW pump power and 8 KHz repetition rates was obtained in experiments. The generation of single laser pulses and its stability were discussed.
The high power fiber laser is one of the hot topics in the laser science and technology recent years. It shows good application prospects in the field of communication, printing, medicine, sensing and so on. Double-cladding rare- earth-doped fiber lasers are currently a preferred choice for high power performance. This paper reports the theoretical and experimental research of Yb-doped double- cladding fiber laser pumped by a 915-nm broad-stripe laser diode. An F-P cavity configuration was adopted by using an output mirror with 95% reflectivity at 1020 nm to approximately 1100 nm, and a dichromatic mirror for pump coupling. A slope efficiency of 51%, and a total optical-to- optical conversion efficiency of 24% were obtained experimentally.
A study of cladding mode loss behaviors of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) by applying stresses is described in this paper. Under an axial compressive stress the amplitude of cladding mode losses decreased from 1.44 dB to 0.88 dB with a peak wavelength shift of 0.04 nm to shorter wavelength, while under an axial tensile stress they kept unchanged. The variation of cladding mode loss of FBG under different curvatures of bending was also studied. It was observed that the extent to which the cladding mode loss changes was related to bending directions, which indicates a non-uniform index perturbation distribution. The experimental results were explained by analyzing the mode coupling.
A novel interleave filter using Mach-Zehnder-Based sampled fiber gratings was proposed and fabricated. The interleaver demonstrates channel spacing of 100GHz and isolation >15dB.
A method of measuring the group time-delay of chirped fiber grating g(CFG) is presented in this paper. This approach is based on mode-mocking technique. An F-P cavity LD and a linearly CFG under test compound together to be an external cavity laser. Group time-delay can be investigated by measuring adjusted RF frequency and corresponding lasing wavelength.
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