We use particle swarm algorithms to devise subwavelength waveguide array structures that serve, for example, as transmissive walls (transmittance > 88%) for microwaves with incidence angles between -80 and +80 deg or spatial filters that refract microwaves with incidence angles smaller than +/-20 deg at a refraction angle of 0 deg in the forward direction. Furthermore, we optimized radar cross section reducing (RCSR) metasurfaces by use of stimulated annealing and applied machine learning to implement an RIS, whose backward deflection angle of a normally incident wave is electrically tuned between 5 deg and 65 deg for microwaves at 31 GHz.
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