We present an adaptive phase unwrapping method based on geometric constraints and the gradient field without additional images for high-speed three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement. Specifically, we reconstruct the 3D geometry of moving objects frame by frame. We first create a reference phase map at the depth provided by the former frame. Then we optimize the depth value by validating the continuity of the computed unwrapped phase based on the modulus of the gradient field and recalculate the correct absolute phase map with the optimal depth value. After reconstructing the 3D geometry of the current frame, 3D data are delivered to the next frame. In particular, a geometric constraint-based method is applied in the first frame. Experiment results indicate that our approach, which requires only three phase-shifted fringe patterns per frame, can measure moving objects with high accuracy and robustness. Additionally, several isolated objects can also be measured by our method if they are continuous.
We developed a novel method based on geometry to reconstruct a dynamic face solely by using the conventional structured light system, which does not need extra images, hardware components, or objects. In our method, the bridge of the nose is considered the feature region because its shape remains almost constant when a human is moving or making expressions. This three-dimensional (3D) face reconstruction method consists of the following steps: (1) spatially unwrap the phase and obtain the texture image for each frame; (2) locate the nose area for each frame with a feature detection algorithm; (3) determine the fringe order in the first frame with the cues given by traditional methods and acquire the recovered result of the feature region; (4) locate the feature region for each possible fringe order in one frame by finding the pixel nearest to the camera along the depth direction in the nose area; (5) register each 3D shape of the feature region with it in the former frame by the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm; (6) determine the fringe order by the minimal Hausdorff distance between two registered 3D shapes and then construct the face with the entire absolute phase map. Experimental results indicate that our proposed approach is capable of real-time reconstruction of a dynamic face and only three phase-shifted fringes are required per frame.
Zero phase line is extremely important for precision measurement especially for calibrations since zero phase line is usually used as reference point for 3D reconstruction. However, the existing dithering technique often has difficult to maintain this phase line when the projector is at different defocusing amounts. In this paper, we will propose a dithered optimization method that will overcome this difficulty. Mathematical proof as well as simulation data will be presented to verify the success of the proposed method.
This paper intends to thoroughly evaluate the influences of different phase-shifting algorithms, and optimization directions, and initial patterns. For fair comparisons, we used the same number of iterations for optimization and the same size of optimization patches. The variables are optimization domain (i.e., phase and intensity domain), the step number of the phase-shifting algorithm (i.e.. three and four step), the initial pattern (i.e., Bayer dithered and error diffusion dithered pattern), and the optimization direction (i.e., top to bottom, bottom to top, left to right, and right to left). Our ultimate goal is to generate the best possible quality binary pattern after optimization and hopefully provides guidelines on optimization strategies. Our simulation results suggest that an exhaustive optimization is necessary in order to produce the best quality pattern.
A shape signature based on surface Ricci flow and optimal mass transportation is introduced for the purpose of surface comparison. First, the surface is conformally mapped onto plane by Ricci flow, which induces a measure on the planar domain. Second, the unique optimal mass transport map is computed that transports the new measure to the canonical measure on the plane. The map is obtained by a convex optimization process. This optimal transport map encodes all the information of the Riemannian metric on the surface. The shape signature consists of the optimal transport map, together with the mean curvature, which can fully recover the original surface. The discrete theories of surface Ricci flow and optimal mass transportation are explained thoroughly. The algorithms are given in detail. The signature is tested on human facial surfaces with different expressions accquired by structured light 3-D scanner based on phase-shifting method. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the method.
Single reference-phase-based methods have been extensively utilized in digital fringe projection systems, yet they might not provide the maximum sensitivity given a hardware system configuration. This paper presents an innovative method to improve the measurement quality by utilizing two orthogonal phase maps. Specifically, two reference phase maps generated from horizontal and vertical (i.e., orthogonal) fringe patterns projected are combined into a vector reference phase map through a linear combination for depth extraction. The experiments have been conducted to verify the superiority of the proposed method over a conventional single reference-phase-based approach.
This paper presents a thorough comparison between a phase-based and an intensity-based optimization method for 3D
shape measurement with the binary dithering techniques. Since for a 3D shape measurement system utilizing digital fringe
projection techniques, the phase quality ultimately determines the measurement quality, and thus these two methods are
compared in phase domain. Both simulation and experiments find that the phase-based optimization method can generate
high-quality phase under given conditions. However, this method is sensitive to the amount of blurring (or defocusing).
On contrast, the intensity-based optimization method can consistently generate high-quality phase with various amounts of
defocusing. Both experiments and simulations will be presented to compare these two optimization methods.
This paper analyzes the phase error for a 3-D shape measurement system that utilizes our recently proposed projector defocusing
technique. In this technique, by defocusing binary structured patterns, seemingly sinusoidal ones can be generated,
and 3-D shape measurement can be performed by fringe analysis. However, there are still significant errors if the object
is not within a certain depth range where the defocused fringe patterns still have binary structures. In this research, we
experimentally studied a large depth range of defocused fringe patterns, from close to be binary to to be sinusoidal, and its
associated phase errors are analyzed. We established a mathematical phase error function in terms of the wrapped phase
and the depth z. Finally, the mathematical function is calibrated and is used to compensate for the phase error at arbitrary
depth ranges within the calibration volume. Experiment will be presented to demonstrate the success of this proposed
technique.
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