Finite element analysis employed for the adjuvant treatment of spinal diseases has yet to consider the effect of gravity on analytical results. This article simulates the gravity environment on the simulated spine of a standing human body to employ finite element analysis and calculate the changes in stress and node displacement of the lumbar spine. Analytical and calculation results demonstrate that in standing pose with the gravity, the stress distribution of each vertebral body surface is five to six times of that of the intervertebral disc, and for the small joint node, the stress and displacement is increased mostly by 16.57% or decreased mostly by 72.36%.
KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Spine, 3D modeling, 3D image processing, Imaging systems, Radiography, 3D image reconstruction, 3D metrology, Calibration, Image processing
In this study, an approach was proposed to assess the 3D scoliotic deformity based on ultrasound data. The 3D spine model was reconstructed by using a freehand 3D ultrasound imaging system. The geometric torsion was then calculated from the reconstructed spine model. A thoracic spine phantom set at a given pose was used in the experiment. The geometric torsion of the spine phantom calculated from the freehand ultrasound imaging system was 0.041 mm-1 which was close to that calculated from the biplanar radiographs (0.025 mm-1). Therefore, ultrasound is a promising technique for the 3D assessment of scoliosis.
This paper proposed a simple approach for 3D spinal reconstruction from biplanar radiography. The proposed reconstruction consisted in reconstructing the 3D central curve of the spine based on the epipolar geometry and automatically aligning vertebrae under the constraint of this curve. The vertebral orientations were adjusted by matching the projections of the 3D pedicles with the 2D pedicles in biplanar radiographs. The user interaction time was within one minute for a thoracic spine. Sixteen pairs of radiographs of a thoracic spinal model were used to evaluate the precision and accuracy. The precision was within 3.1 mm for the location and 3.5° for the orientation. The accuracy was within 3.5 mm for the location and 3.9° for the orientation. These results demonstrate that this approach can be a promising tool to obtain the 3D spinal geometry with acceptable user interactions in scoliotic clinics.
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