Optical rogue waves are automatically generated in a ultrafast fiber laser utilizing a genetic algorithm. An output of optical rogue waves has been achieved, with a spectral peak intensity exceeding the significant intensity threshold by a factor of 32.8.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a useful tool for determination of elements in solids, liquids, and gases. For nanosecond LIBS (ns-LIBS), the plasma shielding effect limits its reproducibility, repeatability, and signal-to-noise ratios. Although femtosecond laser filament induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS) has no plasma shielding effects, the power density clamping inside the filaments limits the measurement sensitivity. We propose and demonstrate plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy (GIBS). The technique relies on a plasma excitation source—a plasma grating generated by the interference of two noncollinear femtosecond filaments. We demonstrate that GIBS can overcome the limitations of standard techniques such as ns-LIBS and FIBS. Signal intensity enhancement with GIBS is observed to be greater than 3 times that of FIBS. The matrix effect is also significantly reduced with GIBS, by virtue of the high power and electron density of the plasma grating, demonstrating great potential for analyzing samples with complex matrix.
Apart from parameter-invariant stationary solitons, numerous nonlinear systems support breathing dissipative solitons (DSs), manifesting themselves as nonlinear waves in which energy concentrates in a localized and oscillatory fashion. In this talk, we review our recent results and advances on breathing DSs. By employing ultrafast laser setups whose outputs are spectrally and temporally analysed in real time, we unveil rich dynamics of breathing DSs in mode-locked fibre lasers. These include establishes a general, deterministic route to induce breathing DSs in normal-dispersion mode-locked fibre lasers, the observation of breather explosions, breather molecules, and molecular complexes in fiber lasers. Numerical simulations based on the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation confirm our experimental observations. These results not only carry significance from an application perspective, but also contribute more broadly to the fundamental understanding of dissipative soliton physics.
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