Acousto-optic imaging (AOI) is an emerging technique in the field of biomedical optics which combines the optical
contrast allowed by diffuse optical tomography with the resolution of ultrasound (US) imaging. In this work we report
the implementation, for that purpose, of a CMOS smart-pixels sensor dedicated to the real-time analysis of speckle
patterns. We implemented a highly sensitive lock-in detection in each pixel in order to extract the tagged photons after
an appropriate in-pixel post-processing. With this system we can acquire images in scattering samples with a spatial
resolution in the 2mm range, with an integration time compatible with the dynamic of living biological tissue.
Lippmann photography is a more than one century old interferometric process invented for recording colored images
in thick black and white photographic emulsions. After a comparison between this photographic process and Denisyuk
holography, we feature some hints to apply this technique to high density data storage by wavelength multiplexing in a
page-oriented approach in thick media. For the first time we experimentally investigate this approach. We anticipated
that this storage architecture should allow capacities as large as for conventional holography.
Nowdays, polymers like hydrogels that respond to well defined stimuli, have a particular interest in fields like
optoelectronics, biotechnology, materials, etc. One of this polymers is the NIPAAM, that posses thermo optics
properties. This work is oriented to the design and implementation of a temperature sensor using fiber optics and having
as sensitive part a sintetized hydrogel of polyNIPAAM and MeOXA of reversible thermosensible characteristics. For this
setup we use a glass ampoule which is coupled to two pieces of plastic, inside the ampoule it is placed the hydrogel. The
working principle relies in the turbidity changes in a well known temperature called critical. We present the experimental results of the designed and implemented device.
In Lippmann photography, the interference of the image with its reflection onto a mirror in contact with the photographic
emulsion allows, for each pixel of the image, the recording of Bragg gratings. Removing the mirror, processing the plate
and reading out these Bragg gratings with a white light source diffracts the very colours used for recording and thus
reproduces the images in colours. Using Lippmann photography as a data storage technique was proposed in the 1960th:
for a given pixel, and to each recording wavelength is associated one bit of data, several bits being recorded at the same
pixel. In this paper, we revisit this data storage technique and we propose and demonstrate an homodyne detection to
improve the efficiency of Lippmann data storages. The proposed homodyne geometry also presents the advantage to
simplify the architecture: the Lippmann mirror required for recording is kept in place for data retrieving. Such an
homodyne readout could also be applied to enhance the detected signals in other holographic approaches.
An alarm system as extrinsic sensor on optical fibers for detecting and controlling inflammable liquids based on thermosensitive
proprieties of the PNIPAAm hydrogel is presented. The changes on the optical proprieties of the PNIPAAm
with the temperature (being its LCST 32°C), induce abrupt changes on the light intensity and they act as an alarm signal,
which is transmitted by optical fibers and after they will be processed by an optoelectronic circuit, responsible to active
an alarm. An appropriate system consists of the hydrogel connected between its ends to two segments of plastic optical
fibers (source and receiver) and they turn on the alarm when a photo detector does not receive light when the hydrogel
becomes when it reaches threshold of temperature. The characterization of the hydrogel and the experimental results are
presented for a prototype.
An angular and displacement sensor that uses a polymer optical fiber and Moire patterns is demonstrated. Moire fringes
are generated using two transparent superimposed planar gratings placed in front of an optical mirror. Moire patterns
with periods ranging from 0.4 to 2 mm have been obtained in this way with 1mm-diameter plastic optical fibers for
torsion angles ranging from 10° to 20° have been compared with theoretical calculations and a good agreement has been
confirmed. Measuring the period length and the number of periods, both the relative angle between the gratings and the
displacement of the fiber with respect to the mirror are obtained. With this technique very low angles can be measured
with a very high resolution. The sensor principle has been successfully checked in the laboratory. Finally, the effect of
employing different plastic fibers is also discussed. Besides, other possible applications of this measurement technique
are presented and discussed.
We report the use of new hydrogels based on poly-N-isopropylacrilamide and MeOXA in order to measure temperature using optical transmittance. We have obtained thermo-responsive hydrogels based on the radical copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and bis-macromonomers of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOXA). The hydrogels show conformational transitions at defined temperatures, which are a function of the molar ratio NIPAAm / MeOXA inside of the hydrogel. The temperatures of transition have been determined by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy and by turbidity measurements using an optical setup with optical fibers and a diode laser. We show the first experimental results and we discuss some future applications such as an optical switch or a device for optical sensing.
We report the use of the photo-emf effect in BTO photorefractive crystals to measure sub-micrometer-order amplitude
transverse vibrations. The method is based on the illumination of the surface under analysis by a direct laser beam of
wavelength λ = 532 nm and the collection of the back-scattered speckled patterns of light onto the photoconductor. A
pattern of space-charge electric field is built-up in the photoconductive material volume in a time-scale corresponding to the response time of the material that is essentially controlled by charge-transport phenomena. A pattern of free electrons
in the conduction band is simultaneously built-up with a much faster time-scale that depends on the excitation of
electrons from photoactive centers inside the material band gap into the conduction band. If the illuminated target surface
is static, the pattern of space-charge field and free electrons are in mutual equilibrium and no electric signal is detected.
However, if the target is laterally vibrating, the speckle pattern of light is simultaneously moving and the fast pattern of
free electrons follows. The pattern of space-charge field instead is comparatively much slower and is not able to follow it. In this way the free charge distribution and the pattern of electric field are mutually displaced proportionally to the
amplitude of the target vibration and are not any more in equilibrium. An alternating current is therefore produced that
can be detected to find out the size of the target vibration amplitude. We report experiments carried out with Bi12TiO20
crystals.
We present several experiments that allow us to show the intensity and phase structure of transverse modal patterns, Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes and dynamical transverse patterns. These new spatial configurations of the light depend on the dynamics of laser resonator, and on the boundary conditions. The Laguerre-Gaussian modes are obtained either by the direct conversion of Hermite-Gaussian modes using a modal converter or with a computer-generated hologram. The modal coverter is based on a cavity of cylindrical lenses. We analyze the phase structure and optical phase singularities of laser modes with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The resulting interference patterns clearly illustrate the azimuthal phase dependence of the Laguerre-Gaussian modes, which is the origin of the orbital angular momentum associated with each one of them. Moreover, we try to give an explanation of the new modal patterns observed.
It is well known that a thin phase grating holographically produced exhibits Raman-Nath behavior and a thick phase grating shows Bragg behavior in the diffraction process. In the Raman-Nath regime several diffracted waves are produced. Usually, in a photorefractive material such as a sillenite BSO crystal, volume phase holograms are stored by means of the interference of two coherent beams intersecting inside the crystal. In our work, we analyze the diffraction properties of gratings incoherently stored in a photorefractive medium. To this purpose, an input Ronchi grating is incoherently imaged in a thick BSO crystal. The grating is stored on a birefringence modulation basis. In the reconstruction step, when a collimated beam impinges perpendicularly to the crystal input face several diffracted orders appear in accordance with the Raman-Nath regime. As far as the read-out beam direction is rotated the diffraction efficiency of each order changes. The angular selectivity behavior of the grating in terms of the crystal thickness and the grating period is analyzed. The adequate selection of the write-in parameters allow to highlight a determined order and to achieve multiple storage, without cross-talk.
We present an alternative development of very cheap sensors utilizing plastic optical fibers and diode lasers extracted from laser pointers. We have applied these sensors to perform measurements of displacement and distance without physical contact. The development of these sensors started with the characterization and control of these semiconductor lasers. We have achieved to control various diode lasers by means of a current controller, specially designed for this application. In this work, we show two different sensor configurations, getting a measurement range between 1 and 3 mm with microns resolution.
We performed a study of temporal coherence of a commercial He-Ne laser in conditions of thermic instability through calculations based on interference pattern digital images helping by direct measurements of its output power and by temperature and polarization monitoring. This study is based on the variation of the complex degree of coherence with the optical path difference between two laser beams, obtained with the help of an experimental setup based on a Michelson interferometer with collimated light. We show the perturbative effect of the thermic instability on the modal composition and coherence of radiation. We had characterized the laser determining its modal structure and coherence length.
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