LiteBIRD, the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, aims for a launch in Japan’s fiscal year 2032, marking a major advancement in the exploration of primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. Orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2, this JAXA-led strategic L-class mission will conduct a comprehensive mapping of the CMB polarization across the entire sky. During its 3-year mission, LiteBIRD will employ three telescopes within 15 unique frequency bands (ranging from 34 through 448 GHz), targeting a sensitivity of 2.2 μK-arcmin and a resolution of 0.5° at 100 GHz. Its primary goal is to measure the tensor-toscalar ratio r with an uncertainty δr = 0.001, including systematic errors and margin. If r ≥ 0.01, LiteBIRD expects to achieve a > 5σ detection in the ℓ = 2–10 and ℓ = 11–200 ranges separately, providing crucial insight into the early Universe. We describe LiteBIRD’s scientific objectives, the application of systems engineering to mission requirements, the anticipated scientific impact, and the operations and scanning strategies vital to minimizing systematic effects. We will also highlight LiteBIRD’s synergies with concurrent CMB projects.
Stray light testing is a crucial step in the development of space optical instruments, ensuring that designs perform as theoretically predicted and are free from unexpected stray light effects. Beyond this verification, stray light testing also generates kernels for stray light correction algorithms. Traditional stray light testing methods, while essential, often fall short due to their binary pass/fail output and increasingly stringent stray light requirements. To address this limitation, we have developed and demonstrated the Time-of-Flight (ToF) method for stray light characterization. Our initial application on a simple three-lens system showcased the method's potential for comprehensive stray light assessment, effectively deriving the origin of individual stray light contributors. This paper presents the latest advancements in the ToF method, highlighting its successful application in the test campaign for the NAC instrument, designed for returning samples from Mars in the frame of the Earth Return Observatory mission. Additionally, we will discuss the ToF method's effectiveness in characterizing a stray light baffle, demonstrating its broader applicability.
ARRAKIHS is an ESA mission dedicated to observing dwarf galaxies and stellar streams. Its objective will be to test the standard cosmological model, particularly regarding the nature of dark matter. It will use four telescopes operating in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges. As they will observe ultra-low brightness objects, an extreme level of stray light control is necessary. A large external baffle is necessary to prevent out-of-field light from entering the telescope, with an extreme stray light rejection down to 10-11. This paper will discuss the design of this baffle. We will present the design trade-offs, as different possible baffle architectures were considered. Ultimately, the selected architecture consists in developing one baffle for two telescopes, hence a total of two baffles are used on the payload. A multi-stage baffle is developed, in the heritage of the CoRoT baffle which is seen as one of the best ever designed. Moreover, we will discuss the reflections on the test setup which will be implemented for validating the design on a prototype.
Stray light (SL) control is an important aspect in the development of optical instruments. Iterations are necessary between design and analysis phases, where ray tracing simulations are performed for performance prediction. This process involves trial and error, requiring to be able to perform rapid evaluation of SL properties. The limitation is that accurate SL simulations require sending many rays, which can be time consuming. In this paper, we use deep learning to improve the accuracy of SL maps even when obtained with very few rays. Two different deep learning methods are used. The training process is performed by generating a large database of artificial SL maps, with different noise levels reproduced with a Poisson distribution. Once the training completed, we show that the autoencoder performs the best and improves significantly the accuracy of SL maps. Even with extremely small number of rays, it recovers complex SL patterns which are not visible on raw ray traced maps. This method thus enables more efficient iterations between design and analysis. It is also useful for developing SL correction algorithms, as it requires tracing SL maps under large number of illumination conditions in a reasonable amount of time
Straylight (SL) characterization using ultrafast time of flight imaging (ToF) has been demonstrated for the testing of refractive telescopes, using a streak tube with a femtosecond laser. It was shown that individual SL contributors such as different ghost reflections and scattering features can be measured individually and identified by temporal discrimination due to the specific optical path length of each of them. This allows to analyze them individually for a better understanding of straylight properties in instruments. Recently, we have used the ToF approach to characterize a testing facility that was then used in the frame of the calibration campaign for the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Earth Return Orbiter mission. The facility itself could generate its own SL that has to be retrieved from that coming from the instrument. Due to the large facility dimensions, optical path lengths can be discriminated by using a low temporal resolution that is enabled by picosecond lasers associated to a SPAD detector. At the end, the SL coming from the facility can be reverse engineered to find its origin and either removed by facility adaptation or by processing.
In high performance optical instruments, post-processing methods are employed to reduce the stray light (SL) level below what can be achieved by design. Often, algorithms are limited to SL coming from sources located inside the field of view (FOV) of the instrument; however, SL could also come from sources located outside the FOV. We describe a method for correcting out-of-field SL, in particular for the case of the Earth observation instrument Metop-3MI. The proposed approach is a variant of the in-field (IF) method developed previously. We estimate the out-of-field SL by a linear combination of the SL kernels modulated by the input scene radiance. The correction is computed for fields on a regularly spaced polar grid, providing reasonable variations of the solid angle sustained around individual fields. Compared with the case of IF SL correction, a difficulty is that the out-of-field input radiance is unknown. We implement a mirroring technique, which is shown to be effective in most situations. This method will be used to correct the in-flight data of Metop-3MI, hence providing an SL level sufficiently low to fulfill the mission requirement.
The performance of astronomical space telescopes can be greatly impacted by straylight. That is why characterizing the straylight in such telescopes before they are deployed is paramount. Nowadays such characterization can be done by simulation or by test. Simulation can provide very useful information on the origin of straylight, helping devise solutions to reduce it and improve the performance of the telescope. However, simulation suffers from limitations due to processing power needed and assumptions made in the model which can lead to simulation results quite far from the actual performances. Standard straylight tests on the other hand provide accurate measurement of the straylight but without any insight about its origin, making it difficult to mitigate. Emerging technologies now offer new possibilities for straylight measurement using time-of-flight technics to help identify the origin of the straylight. Such technologies were reviewed and analysed in a first activity called TRIPP (Time-Resolved Imaging of Photon Paths). The results and outcome of this study are presented in the first chapter of this paper. A second chapter then presents the ongoing status of a second activity, SLOTT (Straylight Lidar Ogse verificaTion Tool) which aims to develop a demonstrator for such a time-resolved straylight verification system. With the development and test of such a tool, CSEM and its partners (TAS-CH, Difrotec, CSL, LusoSpace), supported by ESA, hopes to establish new methods to characterize and reduce the straylight propagation in future space-based telescopes.
Stray light characterization using ultrafast time of flight imaging was demonstrated recently for the testing of refractive telescopes, using a streak tube with a femtosecond laser. It was shown that individual contributors such as ghost reflections and scattering features can be measured individually and identified, allowing unprecedented understanding of stray light properties in telescopes. This opens the door to the development of higher performing instruments, with stray light properties significantly reduced compared to the state of the art. In this paper, we will present the latest advances in the domain of stray light characterization by ultrafast time-of-flight imaging. This includes the characterization of imaging instruments, and the use of the time-of-flight measurements for reverse engineering instruments properties. In addition of using the time-of-flight approach for characterizing instruments, we will show that this method can be used to validate and improve conventional stray light measurement devices and facilities. In the case of large facilities, the typical optical path lengths is of the order of several centimeters to tens of meters. Therefore, in that case streak cameras can be replaced by a less expensive alternative, namely SPAD detectors. We will present the dedicated SPAD detector that we developed and the results obtain in the validation and improvement of the stray light facility for the FLEX Earth observation instrument. This system will be also used in the near future also for the NAC instrument in the ERO mission to Mars
The Multi-viewing, Multi-spectral, Multi-polarisation Imager (3MI) is one of the payloads that will be on board of the MetOp-SG “Satellite A”, developed to provide information on atmospheric aerosols. 3MI is a space-based, wide field-of-view polarimeter that is designed to acquire sequential images of the same ground target, which are then combined with multiple spectral views in both un-polarized and polarized channels. This article presents the On-Ground calibration results on the 3MI PFM payload. The calibration request the measurement of a set of Key Data Parameters (KDP). These are needed in an instrument model. In the frame of 3MI calibration additionally to the geometrical, spectral and radiometric KDP, polarization and Stray Light are also considered. Because of 3MI wide FOV and polarization performance, dedicated Ground System Equipment GSE have been developed. Test results of the PFM calibration campaign are discussed and lessons learnt for the next campaign are proposed.
ALTIUS is the next ESA limb-sounding mission for monitoring of stratospheric ozone at high vertical resolution and of NOx molecules and aerosols. With a platform based on the PROBA-NEXT concept flying in a Sun-Synchronous orbit, the data provided by the ALTIUS Mission will support the scientific community addressing key questions related to atmospheric chemistry composition and climate changes. The ALTIUS Instrument features wavelength-tuning capabilities in the UV (250-355nm), VIS (440-675 nm) and NIR (600-1020) bands using a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) stack in the UV band and an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter technologies (AOTF) in the VIS and NIR bands. This Instrument topology allows ALTIUS to perform 2D imaging with high resolution in the vertical profile of the Earth limb. The optical layout of 2D imagers, characterized by a more extensive field of view (FOV), makes them more susceptible to stray light issues in comparison to more conventional optical designs such as grating systems. These particular design aspects in combination with the use of novel technologies (FPI’s and AOTF’s) and the irradiance distribution of the observed bright limb scenes makes the stray light prediction very interesting and complex. An accurate modelling of scatter contributors involving optical and mechanical surfaces is, therefore, required. Due to the cost-effective model philosophy applied for the ALTIUS Instrument, no hardware model is available for stray light correlation purposes prior to the Instrument Proto-flight. Hence, a study was performed to benchmark the stray light analyses results obtained with Optic Studio with the ones obtained with FRED. This paper provides a description of the optical modelling features of the ALTIUS Instrument with specific attention to the novel optical devices, AOTF and FPI stack. It also addresses the particularities and differences observed when modelling the Instrument using two different commercial optical design suites. A comparison of scattered stray light computations for the ALTIUS Instrument ran in OpticStudio and FRED is also presented highlighting reflections on modelling approach and used mathematical models, with an outlook on consistency at L1. Finally, lessons learned from this exercise are presented along with the conclusions and plans for future work.
Additional presentation content can be accessed on the supplemental content page.
LiteBIRD is the next-generation space mission for polarization-sensitive mapping of the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies, with observations covering the full sky in a wide frequency range (34-448 GHz) to ensure high-precision removal of polarized foregrounds. Its main goal is to constrain the contribution of primordial gravitational waves to the curly component of the CMB polarization pattern. The LiteBIRD Medium and High Frequency Telescope (MHFT) will observe the sky in the 89-448 GHz band. Its optical configuration features two separate dual-lens assemblies with 300mm and 200mm apertures, 28° fields of view and diffraction-limited imaging over the whole spectral range. Polarization modulation is achieved through the continuous spinning of a half-wave plate at the optical entrance of each system. The optical studies for MHFT focus on a refined modeling of the telescope elements (lenses, anti-reflection coatings, absorbers, interfaces) to assess their individual effects on the predicted optical behavior of the telescopes. Such studies will provide key inputs for end-to-end simulations and will inform the subsystem and system-level characterization to meet the stringent requirements set for the LiteBIRD success. We describe the progress in MHFT optical modeling and the ongoing efforts to reproduce full Medium Frequency Telescope (MFT) and High Frequency Telescope (HFT) beams for representative focal plane pixels down to the far-sidelobe angular region. Here, systematic effects due to challenging beam measurements and higher order optical coupling between the telescope and the surrounding structures are likely to affect the final level and shape of the beams and thus set compelling requirements for in-flight calibration and beam reconstruction.
The Multi-directional, Multi-polarization, Multi-spectral Imager (3MI) is one of the payloads that will be on board of the MetOp-SG “Satellite A”, developed to provide information on atmospheric aerosols. 3MI is a space-based, wide field-of-view polarimeter that is designed to acquire sequential images of the same ground target, which are then combined with multiple spectral views in both un-polarized and polarized channels.
This article presents the on-ground calibration approach for the 3MI payload. The calibration methodology starts from the challenging high level specifications down to the specification of adequate Key Data Parameters (KDP) introduced in an instrument model. An error budget allows to evaluate the required accuracy on each KDP and, consequently, to specify the needed Ground System Equipments for the calibration. The paper will present the facility and the developed GSE used to measure these KDP. Preliminary test results of the EM calibration campaign are addressed
Space telescopes require always better stray light control. However conventional characterization methods rely on the same principles since several decades and we are reaching the limits of their capabilities. We have developed a disruptive approach which solves these limitations: stray light characterization by ultrafast time of flight imaging. By using a pulsed laser source and an ultrafast sensor, we are able to discriminate and identify individual stray light contributors, thus providing the ultimate understanding of the stray light origins in an instrument. In this paper, we present our approach and its potential for the future of space telescopes. We will present the experimental characterization of a refractive telescope with this method, using a streak camera and a fs laser. We will present how we use this approach was used to experimentally characterize, validate and improve a stray light measurement facility, using a SPAD sensor and a ps laser.
PLATO is an exoplanet hunting mission of the European Space Agency. It is a medium-class mission, with a launch foreseen in 2026. Its prime objective is to uncover Earth-sized planets residing in their habitable zone. The payload consists in 26 cameras with a very wide field of view. These cameras consist in a Telescope Optical Unit, aligned at ambient and characterised at the operational temperature, and a Focal Plane Array bearing the detectors, and delivered after coupling with the Front End Electronics. In this contribution, we report on the alignment of the Engineering Model camera of Plato, i.e., the input metrology, the mechanical alignment of the optical unit with the focal plane array, the test environment and the optical characterisation throughout the process until the integrity check after delivery to the cryo-vacuum testing facility where the camera underwent a thorough performance demonstration. We also give a detailed description of the bolting process and the associated error budget.
In order to characterize and calibrate the Metimage spectro-radiometer instrument response in Solar Spectral Bands, an Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSE), a sun simulator has been designed and developed at CSL. This Sun Simulator (SUSI) is designed for wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 2300 nm. In order to reach radiance and both spatial and angular homogeneity requirements a specific design allowing mixing up to 4 plasma lamp sources has been designed and implemented. This mixing and homogenizing device is placed at the focal plane of an Off Axis parabolic mirror which will produce an 0.5° full divergence beam over a pupil of 350 mm. First the design and its challenges will be given. Simulation of SUSI performances are then proposed. Finally, experimentally measured performances of the OGSE are presented.
Stray light characterization using ultrafast time of flight imaging was demonstrated recently for the testing of refractive telescopes, using a streak tube with a femtosecond laser. It was shown that individual contributors such as ghost reflections and scattering could be measured individually and identified through their optical path length with a time-resolved measurement. This allows unprecedented understanding of stray light properties in optical instruments, especially for high-end space telescopes. In this paper, we demonstrate the extension of this method for the validation and improvement of stray light rejection in an optical calibration facility for large space instruments. Here, the stray light paths to be characterized have long range, up to 20 meters. Therefore, the ultrafast sensor considered is a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) and the illumination is achieved by a picosecond laser. We demonstrate that we are able to measure the individual stray light contributors, for example the scattering on the optical surfaces or the multiple scattering events occurring between baffles and vanes. As each contributor can be identified, the time-of-flight results are used to determine how to improve the optical calibration facility. Moreover, while the measurement is affected also by the detection system intrinsic contribution, this effect can be removed so that the final result only shows the performance of the optical facility. This new approach is extremely useful as it allows pushing further the achievable performances of space telescope characterization, where conventional methods were currently reaching a plateau.
Traditional approach to stray light characterization is intrinsically limited. While the stray light level in an optical instrument can be measured, it is not possible to derive from experimental measurements the origin of the different features. Consequently, when unexpectedly high stray light is present, it is extremely difficult to find how to improve the system. In this paper, we introduce a new method where a pulsed laser and an ultra-fast sensor is used. As different stray light contributors have different optical path lengths, they reach the detector at different times and resolving them temporally allows to measure them separately. Their origin can be retrieved by using the optical path length as a mean of identification. We present the conceptual study and the experimental proof of concept of this new method. We were able to characterize individually the different stray light components in an imaging system and determine their origin. We show how the measurements allow to reverse engineer the instrument properties and even verify sub-system requirements.
Laser launch telescopes are optical systems forming a reference beacon in the sky, to be used as a reference for ground telescope adaptive optics. One of the requirement of the system is that the laser beam should have a radius as small as possible at the target distance where the telescope detects the beacon. This is not trivial given the Gaussian nature of laser beams. Traditionally, laser launch telescopes consists of a simple afocal. Its magnification sets the output beam waist to an optimal radius that limits the laser beam divergence. We propose a configuration consisting of a combination of two afocal systems, each with a controlled defocus. Our system provides enough degrees of freedom to displace the waist at any distance in the sky and to achieve a smaller beam radius at the target distance. After presenting the theoretical concept of the combination, this paper describes the practical implementation of the system. We start by describing the design process and the expected performances. Then, the alignment and experimental verification process are emphasized. In particular, the verification of the controlled defocus is challenging as it cannot be done simply by putting a detector at several km from the optical system. Instead, the verification in laboratory is performed by performing interferometric measurement for different defocus and comparing them to theoretical simulations. The laser launch telescope will be used in various meteorological conditions. We describe the impact of thermal variations and how it can be compensated.
Off-axis Three Mirrors Anastigmats (TMA) are a particularly interesting type of instrument for applications in the field of Earth observation. Compact and light weight, TMA can be designed over a wide field-of-view with excellent correction of aberrations. Hence, they can be used for various applications requiring a high revisit time with a small payload. In the frame of the Proba-Evo mission, we have worked on the stray light control of a wide-field TMA operating in the VNIR range. Stray light indeed represents a critical aspect for Earth observation, in particular in the case of wide-field instruments. This paper intend to describe the guidelines to follow for designing the opto-mechanical components of a TMA, as well as the different steps to perform for the stray light analysis specifically of this kind of instrument. We also show that numerical tricks can be employed for TMA to perform the analysis efficiently. The aperture stop is an example of critical element for stray light, for which black treatment is not enough and specific light traps need to be designed. Also, we discuss the placement of baffles for blocking straight shots and avoiding out-of-field illumination on the detector. The scattering of the mechanical structure can be avoided by placing vanes, also we show that specular coatings can be used to completely suppress certain stray light paths. Another contributor is the scattering from the mirrors, whose analysis is performed based on experimental characterization of the surface roughness as well as BSDF measurements.
Off-axis three-mirror anastigmat (TMA) telescopes provide excellent correction of aberrations over a large field-of-view in one direction. In a push broom configuration, this lightweight and compact optical configuration enables high-performing imaging. Moreover, passive multi-spectral acquisition can be achieved using a filter stack positioned at the detector vicinity. Stray light is a typical limiting factor for instrument performance and its control is specific to the type of optical configuration. We describe the stray light control and analysis methods in an off-axis TMA. The design intends to control first-order scattering from non-optical surfaces and to block straight shots. This is achieved through usage of elements such as apertures and baffles, both internal and external to the instrument. It will be demonstrated that the aperture stop is a critical element, whose stray light contribution can be controlled with V-groove vanes. Impact of mirrors roughness, a manufacturing physical limitation, is evaluated by modeling the bidirectional scattering distribution function and computing the stray light distribution at the detector for point-like source illumination. We show that the scattering on the different mirrors broaden differently the spot size, as the successive mirrors focus or expand the scattered rays differently. Finally, the ghost reflections inside the filter stack are evaluated and we show that there is no cross-talk between the different channels.
PLATO is an exoplanet hunting mission from the European Space Agency. It is a medium-class mission, with a launch foreseen in 2026. Its prime objective is to uncover Earth-sized planets residing in the habitable zone of their host star. The payload consists of 26 cameras with a very wide field-of-view. While the operational temperature of the cameras will be -80°C, the focal plane of each camera will be integrated with its telescope assembly (bearing the optics) at room temperature. The degradation of the optical quality at ambient, combined with the detector dark current and with the very high accuracy required from the alignment process bring a number of interesting challenges. In the present article, we review the alignment concept, present optical simulations of the measurements at ambient along with their analysis, and present an error budget for the optical measurements. The derivation of this error budget is easily applicable to all optical measurements to be performed during the alignment, i.e. the definition of the best image plane at the operational temperature and the optical alignment itself, at room temperature.
A fiber fed, wide beam collimator was developed as a tool to support the Assembly, Integration and Verification (AIV) tasks associated to the integration of the ESA-PLATO telescope unit (TOU) to the focal plane, for the 26 cameras that are going to be assembled at the Centre Spatial de Liége (CSL). This collimator will work as source for the alignment process at ambient temperature, providing a white light beam that must comply with a series of critical requirements, namely high spatial uniformity over an clear aperture of 150 mm (better than 85%), Wavefront Error associated to focus aberration at the level of λ/30 rms and high flux stability over time (2% in 24h). This paper will present the steps taken towards the development, manufacture and integration of this collimator, as well as the tests devised to evaluate requirements compliance.
In the field of ground-based telescopes, laser guide stars (LGS) are artificial stars formed in the sky to serve as a reference for the adaptive optics. The artificial star should have a small lateral extent as this is an important factor for how well the adaptive optics can compensate for atmospheric turbulence. The laser launch telescope (LLT) is a key component of the LGS facility. It uses an afocal system to increase the waist of the laser, therefore reducing the beam divergence and limiting the size of the star. We describe the design process of LLTs and show how a combination of two afocals with controlled defocus can be used to optimize the LGS. First, the impact of defocusing a single afocal and tuning the position of the input beam waist is presented. We then demonstrate how an intermediary afocal system can be used to vary the properties of the beam at the input of the second afocal. With such a configuration, a controlled defocus of both afocals can be performed to tune the artificial star size. Moreover, the two afocals configuration can be used to adapt the system to the amount of atmospheric perturbations affecting the beam during the upward propagation.
Stray light represents a major performance limitation for optical instruments. Analyses are done with ray-tracing software to evaluate the stray light performances of a design and, if necessary, improve it before manufacturing. Accurate simulations, however, require sending a sufficient number of rays. Hence, the process can be very time-consuming. We introduce the concept of stray light entrance pupil (SLEP) and demonstrate how it can be an efficient tool for simulating stray light for point sources. The SLEP defines a pupil over which light entering the optical system generates stray light reaching the detector. When that pupil is smaller than the first lens of the system, rays can be sent only through that pupil instead of the full lens aperture. Therefore, the time required to perform the simulation is reduced. Moreover, the efficiency can be further improved by defining a source with nonuniform ray density. The SLEP method is demonstrated on a wide-angle Earth observation camera and a time reduction up to about 20 is obtained. The SLEP concept can also be used to facilitate experimental characterization.
The Centre Spatial of Liege (CSL) is involved from more than 10 years in the BTDF/BRRDF metrology of large Lambertian diffusers used for on-board calibration on space instrumentation. In this context, a dedicated automatized BSDF calibration facility has been developed, suitable for calibration of all types of diffusers (from industry to space applications). Accurate calibration of such systems induces constraining requirements on the calibration bench: manipulate large diffusers and mechanisms in class ISO5 environment; incidence beam divergence close to the Sun divergence; large spectral range coverage; measurement of very low diffused signals (highly stable, with low noise, straylight free set-up), high accurate measurement of attenuator and a high knowledge of all calibration properties for BSDF modelling. Based on previous heritage, recent improvements have been implemented in order to correct some defaults like mechanical stabilities (complete new design), specimen alignment (new iterative procedure), absolute error (super stable light bulb, improved filters wheel repeatability, optics to limit diffraction effects in UV, incidence beam non-uniformity compensation …). This paper presents the design of the improved bench, highlights critical parameters for BTDF/BRDF calibration and relates main improvements to reach todays performances. The current bench performances are illustrated by calibration campaigns results performed at CSL for Sentinel 2, Sentinel 3 and Sentinel 4 calibration assemblies.
We introduce the concept of stray-light entrance pupil (SL-EP), which can be seen as the analogous regarding stray-light of the entrance pupil in optical design. It takes the shape of the rays footprint which by entering the system undergo stray-light effects before ultimately reaching the detector, modulated by the relative area importance. This paper discusses the properties of the SL-EP and the way it can be computed. The SL-EP can be used to improve stray-light simulations, as it allows to improve significantly the simulation accuracy while limiting the ray-tracing time. For that, sources can be defined based on the SL-EP and non-uniform ray densities can even be used to reach even higher performances. Time reduction factor up to more than 20 times can be demonstrated on the design of the 3MI earth observation instrument. Furthermore, the SL-EP concept can be used to facilitate experimental characterization of spatial point source transmittance maps.
Laser guide stars (LGSs) are fundamental elements of adaptive optics. They indeed allow to form an artificial star in the sky, which is used as a reference for the compensation of the effect of atmospheric perturbation on wave fronts. This paper describes the design principle of laser guide stars and in particular show the advantage of using a combination of two afocal systems. Indeed, the first afocal can be used, with controlled defocus, to tune the size and position of the beam waist at the entrance of the second afocal. This allows, for example, to decrease the ultimate size of the artificial star which can be achieved. Moreover, it also allows to set parameters so that tolerances of the system are released.
An in-orbit calibration assembly is designed and tested to ensure the radiometric accuracy of Sentinel-4/UVN. One of the calibration method consists in measuring the Sun’s irradiance through a diffuser. A major challenge was the apparition of so-called spectral features, which come from speckle patterns due to the thin spectral bands of the instrument. A stack of diffuser was built to increase the average optical path difference above coherence length, thus decreasing the speckle contrast. A unique spectral feature test bench has been developed to validate the performance. A second calibration approach consists in illuminating the instrument with a white light source whose drift is characterized and limited. This paper discusses the design of the calibration assembly and the challenge which were encountered in the process. Also, on-ground tests results are presented, including the description of the test setup, in particular the spectral feature test bench.
Stray-light is a major concern in optical instruments and in particular for space missions. While many methods exist to reduce the stray-light by means of hardware optimization, manufacturing capabilities set the limit of the stray-light rejection that can be achieved. Hence, there are situations where the scientists that use the data require stray-light level lower than what hardware alone can reach. This is for example the case of the Metop-SG 3MI mission, which despite a well optimize instrument doesn’t reach as is the performance requirement. In such situations, it is necessary to add in the processing chain of the data a stray-light correction algorithm which further reduces the stray-light level. This paper discusses the algorithm implemented for 3MI.
The Centre Spatial of Liege (CSL) is involved from more than 10 years in the BTDF/BRRDF metrology of large Lambertian diffusers used for on-board calibration on space instrumentation. In this context, a dedicated automatized BSDF calibration facility has been developed, suitable for calibration of all types of diffusers (from industry to space applications). Accurate calibration of such systems induces constraining requirements on the calibration bench: manipulate large diffusers and mechanisms in class ISO5 environment; incidence beam divergence close to the Sun divergence; large spectral range coverage; measurement of very low diffused signals (highly stable, with low noise, straylight free set-up), high accurate measurement of attenuator and a high knowledge of all calibration properties for BSDF modelling. Based on previous heritage, recent improvements have been implemented in order to correct some defaults like mechanical stabilities (complete new design), specimen alignment (new iterative procedure), absolute error (super stable light bulb, improved filters wheel repeatability, optics to limit diffraction effects in UV, incidence beam non-uniformity compensation …). This paper presents the design of the improved bench, highlights critical parameters for BTDF/BRDF calibration and relates main improvements to reach todays performances. The current bench performances are illustrated by calibration campaigns results performed at CSL for Sentinel 2, Sentinel 3 and Sentinel 4 calibration assemblies.
In the field of earth-observation, on-board calibration is often necessary to guarantee the radiometric accuracy of space instruments. A typical method is to use large diffusers in front of the instrument, illuminated with a reference source like the sun [1]. Hence, it is necessary to characterize the scattering properties of the diffuser with excellent accuracy. Given the large size and weight of the diffusers to characterize, CSL have developed a bench which uses a robot arm to manipulate the sample. For the most stringent applications, the typical accuracy of robotic arms is not good enough to measure the BSDF with a satisfactory accuracy. A method have been developed which uses laser tracker measurements of the sample during a calibration phase and compensate for the robot errors. This paper describes the principle of the method and the results obtained. We also present the model of how the orientation error of the sample affects the BSDF relative error.
PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillation of stars) is a medium-class space mission part of the ESA Cosmic vision program. Its goal is to find and study extrasolar planetary systems, emphasizing on planets located in habitable zone around solar-like stars. PLATO is equipped with 26 cameras, operating between 500 and 1000nm. The alignment of the focal plane assembly (FPA) with the optical assembly is a time consuming process, to be performed for each of the 26 cameras. An automatized method has been developed to fasten this process. The principle of the alignment is to illuminate the camera with a collimated beam and to vary the position of the FPA to search for the position which minimizes the RMS spot diameter. To reduce the total number of measurements which is performed, the alignment method is done by iteratively searching for the best focus, decreasing at each step the error on the estimated best focus by a factor 2. Because the spot size at focus is similar to the pixel, it would not be possible with this process alone to reach an alignment accuracy of less than several tens of microns. Dithering, achieved by in-plane translation of the focal plane and image recombination, is thus used to increase the sampling of the spot and decrease the error on the merit function.
The MetOp-SG 3MI mission is part of the EUMETSAT Polar System Second Generation (EPS-SG), an Earth observation Program for Operational Meteorology from Low Earth Orbit. It consists of two multi-spectral cameras, one operating in VNIR and one in SWIR. With 13 spectral channels between 410nm and 2130nm, including polarized channels, the instrument covers a semi-field of view of 57°. Due to tight stray-light specifications, on-ground calibration and post-processing correction are required. This paper covers the stray-light correction and calibration methods. The correction is indeed based on the on-ground measurement of Spatial Point Source Transmittance (SPST) maps. Due to the limited amount of maps which can actually be calibrated within a reasonable amount of time, an interpolation method was developed to deduce the stray-light behavior in the whole field of view of the instrument. Furthermore, dynamic range decomposition was required during the acquisition of the maps to get a high signal to noise ratio. Ray-tracing data from the 3MI optical model were used to evaluate the performance of the correction algorithm, including the contribution of SPST maps interpolation and acquisition errors.
PROBA-V has been successfully launched on 7th May 2013 and is providing a global monitoring in the continuity of the SPOT-VEGETATION mission. The progress in terms of ground resolution between Spot VGT and PROBA-V is a factor 3 (1 km to 1/3 km ground resolution product).
The Sentinel-4 mission (S4) is part of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative and covers the needs for continuous monitoring of Earth atmospheric composition and air pollution [1].
The optical calibration of the ICON-FUV instrument requires designing specific ground support equipment (GSE). The ICON-FUV instrument is a spectrographic imager that operates on two specific wavelengths in the UV (135.6 nm and 157 nm). All the operations have to be performed under vacuum UV light. The optical setup is based on a VUV monochromator coupled with a collimator that illuminates the FUV entrance slit. The instrument is placed on a manipulator providing fields pointing. Image quality and spectral properties can be then characterized for each field. OGSE, MGSE, optical calibration plan and vacuum alignment of the instrument are described.
We present a new solar concentrator concept. This concept is based on spectral splitting. It implies reflective, refractive and diffractive elements that allow two spectrally differentiated beams to reach different and/or unmatched lattice solar cells. The aimed geometrical concentration factor is 5× and the theoretical optical efficiency of that concentrator concept reaches theoretically 82%. The following study will discuss the concept of such a solar concentrator. A practical application to dye sensitized solar cells is given. The manufacturing and design of the element is then exposed. Those elements have been tested in the laboratory. Good agreements with theoretical simulations are demonstrated.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Tolerancing, Modulation transfer functions, Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Cameras, Signal to noise ratio, Spatial resolution, Space operations, Satellites
TMA, or three mirror anastigmats, have already been used successfully for various space missions. In the frame of earth observation, ProbaV satellite uses 3 TMAs to cover a total 102.4° field-of-view; ground sampling distance is about 100m at the center of field-of view and 370m at the edge. For future earth observation missions, the goal would be to reach 100m spatial resolution all over the 102.4° FOV. This would require to up-scale optical specifications, thus increasing geometrical aberrations. FMA, or four mirror anastigmats, could thus be a good candidate for future missions, as a fourth mirror would allow better correction of optical aberrations. In this work, TMA and FMA have been optimized over different fields-of view. Performance limitations are then derived, which show that FMA seems promising for future missions. Radiometry aspects are discussed and preliminary tolerance analysis is carried out.
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