The work presents analysis results of trends in the average seasonal air humidity within the atmospheric boundary layer of Siberia over 1981–2020, estimated from the observation data of 24 aerological stations for winter, spring, summer, and fall. It has been established that the summer season makes the greatest contribution to the increase in the average annual air humidity in the atmospheric boundary layer of the region, especially near the earth's surface, and to a lesser extent − spring and fall. Changes in the average seasonal air humidity for 1981–2020 were compared with the previously studied period 1981–2010.
The work presents analysis results of trends in the average annual air humidity in the atmospheric boundary layer of Siberia for 1981−2020 according to observations of 24 aerological stations. It has been established that, in contrast to the average air temperature, which is characterized by positive trends throughout the entire atmospheric boundary layer of Siberia, negative trends in the average annual air humidity are observed from a height of 400 m in the south-west of the territory, and they prevail at 1600 m in Western Siberia to the west 75-80 E and, partially, in the subpolar and temperate latitudes of Eastern Siberia. Changes in the average annual air humidity for 1981-2020 were compared with the previously studied period 1981-2010. The moisture content in the atmospheric boundary layer over Siberia increased almost throughout the region, with the exception of the central areas of Eastern Siberia, where a slowdown in the growth of air humidity is observed.
The work presents analysis results of trends in the average monthly air humidity in the atmospheric boundary layer for January and July, performed according to the observation data of 10 aerological stations of the Siberian region for 19812020. It has been established that polar stations are characterized by positive trends in air humidity in the entire atmospheric boundary layer of the Siberian region, both in January and July. In the rest of Siberia, the trends at ground level and at heights may differ in sign. Trends in July are higher than in January. The humidity trends for 19812020 were compared with the trends for the previously studied period 19812010.
The work presents an analysis of the air temperature distribution in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over Siberia, estimated from the observations of 24 aerological stations for 1981−2020. It is shown that on average per year, as well as in winter, spring and autumn, the ABL temperature decreases in the northeast direction in Siberia. In summer, there is a zonal temperature distribution: a decrease from south to north. In winter, there are temperature inversions in the ABL throughout Siberia. In spring, temperature inversions are observed in the polar areas of Siberia, subpolar latitudes of Western Siberia and central regions of Eastern Siberia, in autumn there are ones in temperate and subpolar latitudes of Eastern Siberia.
The work presents the analysis results of the air humidity spatiotemporal distribution in the atmospheric boundary layer over Siberia, estimated according to the long-term observations of 24 aerological stations for the period from 1981 to 2020. It is shown that average annual and average seasonal values of humidity in winter, spring and autumn decrease from the southwest towards the northeast of the region. In summer, air humidity decreases from south to north of the Siberia territory. There are humidity inversions throughout Siberia in winter. In spring, ones are observed only in the polar latitudes, and in autumn, there are humidity inversions in the subpolar and temperate latitudes of Eastern Siberia.
The work presents the analysis results of trends in the average monthly temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer for January and July, carried out according to the observations of 10 aerological stations of Siberia for the period from 1981 to 2020. In has been found that in winter there are the negative trends in the temperature (mainly from -0.4 to -1.3°C/decade) in the temperate latitudes (50−60°N) of Western Siberia against the background of the general predominance of the positive trends throughout the studying territory.
The work presents the analysis results of the long-term change trends in the average seasonal temperature within the atmospheric boundary layer of Siberian region over 1981-2020 estimated by the observation data of 24 aerological stations for winter, spring, summer, and autumn. It has been found that spring, summer, and autumn periods make the main contribution to the regional warming observed in the last 40 years.
The work presents the analysis results of the long-term change trends in average annual temperature within the atmospheric boundary layer of the Siberian region over 1981−2020 estimated by the observation data of 24 aerological stations. It has been found that during the 40-year period under study, the statistically significant positive trends in average annual air temperature are observed at all altitudes of the atmospheric boundary layer over the entire territory of Siberia, moreover, warming has intensified in the last decade from 2011 to 2020.
The work presents the statistical analysis results of the characteristics of lower stratiform clouds and precipitation obtained from 8-term meteorological observations of 62 Siberian weather stations for the last 50 years (from 1969 to 2018). The researches of the average seasonal amount of low stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) over the Siberian region were carried out for four seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn) as well as average seasonal and annual precipitation were studied for the same territory.
The results of the analysis of long-term changes in the amount of lower stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) over the territory of the Siberian region for the past 50 years (from 1969 to 2018) based on observations of 62 meteorological stations are presented. The study of long-term changes in the average annual and average seasonal values of the low cloud amounts was carried out using the interannual variation curves, as well as linear trends and their intensity (cloud amount (balls)/decade).
The results of the analysis of long-term changes in precipitation over the Siberian region territory for the past 50 years (from 1969 to 2018) based on the observations of 62 weather stations are presented. The study of long-term changes in annual and seasonal average values of total precipitation was carried out using interannual variation curves, as well as linear trends and their intensity (mm/decade).
The work presents the results of the statistical analysis of the characteristics of lower stratiform clouds obtained from 8-term meteorological observations of 62 Siberian weather stations for the last 50 years (from 1969 to 2018). The researches of the amount and the base height of low stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) were carried out for four seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn). In addition to the distribution of average values, the study of repeatability (%) of the amount of lower stratiform clouds for five gradations: 0, 1 3, 4 6, 7 9, 10 cloud amounts, as well as repeatability (%) of its base height by six gradations: 0.05 0.2; 0.2 0.4; 0.4 0.8; 0.8 1.2; 1.2 1.6; 1.6 2.0 km, supplemented by the gradation of 0 (no clouds) was performed.
The work presents the method of forecasting the amount of lower cloudiness with an advance time of one year based on the integration of the methods for ultra-long-term dynamic-stochastic forecasting of air temperature fields in the atmospheric boundary layer and the method for joint forecasting of meteorological fields for cases of related processes. Fields of air temperature and the amount of lower stratified cloudiness were considered as dependent fields. A statistical analysis of the forecasting quality of the lower stratiform cloudiness amount with an advance time of one year in the atmospheric boundary layer (up to 2000 m) is based on 47-years (from 1969 to 2015) 2-term observations of temperature and 8-time observations of the cloudiness of 6 upper-air stations in the Arctic regions of Siberia. It is shown that the mean square errors of the forecast do not exceed 3.0 balls, and the relative error of the forecast is in the range of 50−65% at all stations in the Arctic region of Siberia and at all heights of the atmospheric boundary layer, as well as in all seasons.
The work presents the main patterns of spatio-temporal distribution of atmospheric total moisture over the Siberian region territory depending on the season and the physico-geographical conditions. The total moisture of the atmosphere was estimated on the basis of the model profiles of vertical distribution of the specific humidity up to an altitude of 30 km and with a large vertical resolution in the atmospheric boundary layer. The distribution of mean and extreme values of the total moisture was studied in the atmospheric boundary layer, in the troposphere and in the 0-30 km layer of the atmosphere for different physical and geographical regions of Siberia.
The work presents the results of the applied climatic division of the Siberian region into districts based on the methodology of objective classification of the atmospheric boundary layer climates by the "temperature-moisture-wind" complex realized with using the method of principal components and the special similarity criteria of average profiles and the eigen values of correlation matrices. On the territory of Siberia, it was identified 14 homogeneous regions for winter season and 10 regions were revealed for summer. The local statistical models were constructed for each region. These include vertical profiles of mean values, mean square deviations, and matrices of interlevel correlation of temperature, specific humidity, zonal and meridional wind velocity. The advantage of the obtained local statistical models over the regional models is shown.
The work presents the results of the study of long-term changes in average seasonal surface air temperature in the Siberian region for the last 43 years (from 1973 to 2015), as well as for the periods from 1973 to 2005 (when there was the most intense global warming) and from 2006 to 2015 (the period of global warming slowdown or even a cooling in some regions). It is shown that winter and spring seasons have made major contribution to the rise in surface air temperature over the territory of Siberia during the period from 1973 to 2015. A cooling in the Arctic regions of Siberia in the winter season as well as a cooling in the Western Siberia and in the south-western part of Eastern Siberia in the autumn season made the greatest contribution to reducing the intensity of the warming over the last decade.
The work presents the results of the evaluation of the correlation degree of annual average seasonal temperature within the atmospheric boundary layer (at heights of 0, 400, 800, 1600 m) and the amount of low stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) for the period from 1969 to 2013 performed according to the data from 6 typical weather stations of the Siberian region (Dickson, Tiksi, Salekhard, Omsk, Yakutsk, Chita). It is shown that the significant correlation (positive in winter, spring, autumn and negative in summer) between annual average seasonal values of the amount of low stratiform clouds and the temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer prevailed in Siberia during the study period. And the values of correlation coefficients (in absolute value) are more than 0.75 almost everywhere, and ones reach a maximum (0.84-0.88) at the altitude of 400 m.
The work presents the results of the statistical analysis of the characteristics of the low stratiform clouds, obtained according to the 8-term meteorological observations of 60 Siberian weather stations for the last 45 years (from 1969 to 2013). Researches of the amount and the base height of low stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) have been conducted for four seasons. Wherein the statistics such as the average value (cloud amounts (balls)) and the frequency (%) for five gradations: 0, 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10 cloud amounts were used in the analysis of the amount of low-level stratiform clouds and the averages (km) and repeatability (%) for six gradations of the base height: 0.05-0.2; 0.2-0.4; 0.4-0.8; 0.8-1.2; 1.2-1.6; 1.6-2.0 km, complemented by the gradation "cloudiness" (0) were used in the analysis of the cloud base height.
The work presents the results of the analysis of climatic changes of the low stratiform clouds (Sc, St, Ns) over the territory of Siberia for the recent 45 years (from 1969 to 2013), performed by the data of 60 ground-based meteorological stations. The study of long-term changes of the amount and base height of low clouds were realized with using the curves of interannual variation, as well as linear trends and their rates.
The original methods of an objective classification of the meteorological objects and an applied climatic zoning of the Siberian region according to the total and lower cloudiness conditions were considered. The methods are based on the procedure of cluster analysis with the use as the informative signs the average seasonal values of the total and lower cloudiness amount and the frequencies for five gradations 0, 1-3, 4-6, 7-9 and 10 balls as well as the characteristics of their correlation and the specific similarity criteria as a measure of homogeneity signs. The climatic zoning of the Siberian region territory was realized by the 44-years (1969-2012) observations of 60 meteorological stations and on the base of the original methods. 18 homogeneous cloud regions for winter, 17 for spring, 13 for summer and 14 for autumn were revealed in the result of this zoning. The local cloud atmosphere models were built for each identified region. The models include the pattern average seasonal values of the total and lower cloudiness amount as well as their frequencies for five cloud gradations.
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