Ytterbium-doped double-clad photonic crystal fibres (PCF) are ideal candidates for amplification of diffraction limited
pulses to energies of several mJ. The combination of large mode field diameter (MFD), large pump area and high
numerical aperture allows for low cost multimode diode pumping of short fiber lengths with high pump absorption and
high thresholds for detrimental non-linear effects. We present results from ns-pulsed Q-switched laser and MOPA
systems with pulse energies exceeding 1mJ and peak powers up to 17kW, by using a PCF with MFD of 24&mgr;m. The
results are scalable with the PCF MFD to much higher pulse energies. Recent reports on truly single mode PCF with
MFD up to 100&mgr;m indicates in this way, that pulse energies exceeding 10mJ could be reached.
An overview of the development on lossless Er-doped Y-branches and high gain Er-doped waveguide amplifiers is given, and their applications in future prospects are reviewed. A comprehensive model is presented for the integrated Er-doped phosphate silica amplifier, that includes high concentration ion-ion interaction. The model is applied to a rigorous design optimization of high gain amplifiers, where the influence of variations in the launched pump power, the core cross-section, the waveguide length, the Er-concentration, and the background loss are evaluated. Optimal design proposals are given and the process reproducibility of the proposed design is examined. Requirements to process parameter control in the fabrication of the Er-doped waveguide are also set up.
An integrated optical waveguide isolator based on adiabatic polarization splitters in the silica- on-silicon technology and non-reciprocal elements are proposed and investigated with an accurate Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method. Improvements of noise figure of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier by using this type of isolator are calculated and discussed.
Theoretical limits in noise figures for a long haul transmission line based on lumped amplification are compared with distributed amplification. A reduction of approximately 60% of the required number of pump power stations is achieved. The distributed optical amplification is provided by an erbium doped fiber and comparisons of aluminum and germanium as codopant materials are shown. The pump power consumption and noise figure are analyzed with respect to the background loss.
Filters and isolators placed within the EDFA's can be used to increase the gain , and decrease the noise figure. By use of an accurate model the placement of the filters and isolators are optimized. The optimization are performed for situations with pump lasers emittiing at 0.980?m and 1.480?m and signal wavelengths at either the emission cross section peak near 1.530?m or at the silica loss minimum around 1.550?m.
Erbium doped fiber amplifiers in eight different system configurations are investigated, using a very accurate model. The in-line placement of the amplifier is shown to be optimum. A distributed amplifier is compared to the remote pumping scheme showing no system improvement. By the use of a booster, an inline remote pumped amplifier and a preamplifier up to 180 km of extra transmission fiber can be added.
Design of a distributed Erbium doped fiber amplifier for a long distance transmission line is investigated, using a very accurate model. The design is evaluated for a bidirectional pumping scheme, taking nonlinearities into account. Bit error rates based on amplified spontaneous emission are calculated. For distances between each pumping station equal to 100km, bit error rates lower than 10-10 at 4GBit/s is found.
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