Nonlinear compression for generation of high energy ultrashort pulses using an Yb-doped large mode area tapered fiber is reported. Single-stage amplifier gain larger than 43 dB is achieved, with energy of seed pulses (35 ps, 200 kHz) boosted up to 50 μJ at the amplifier output. Spectral broadening induced by self-phase modulation is shown to take place advantageously along the larger end of the counter-pumped active tapered fiber, where the mode area scales beyond 1000 μm2. Pulse durations as short as 1 ps and peak powers exceeding 16 MW are demonstrated thereafter using a chirped volume Bragg grating as a dispersive compressor. Efficient suppression of higher-order modes in the large mode area tapered fiber yields diffraction-limited output (M2 < 1.2) for optimal pulse compression.
A polarization-maintaining Yb-doped large mode area fiber with depressed-index inner cladding layer and confinement of rare-earth dopants has been drawn as a long tapered fiber. The larger end features a core/clad diameter of 56/400 μm and core NA ~ 0.07, thus leading to an effective mode area over 1000 μm2. The fiber was tested up to 100 W average power, with near diffraction-limited output as the beam quality M2 was measured < 1.2. As effective single-mode guidance is enforced in the first section due to enhanced bending loss, subsequent adiabatic transition of the mode field in the taper section preserves single-mode amplification towards the larger end of the fiber.
Large mode area fibers with depressed-index cladding layer and confinement of rare-earth dopants can provide effective suppression of high-order modes. A polarization-maintaining Yb-doped double-clad fiber with 35/250 μm core/clad diameter has been fabricated from conventional methods according to this design. The fiber which has an effective mode area close to 500 μm2 yields near diffraction-limited output with beam quality factor M2 close to 1.1 when tested as a power amplifier with a coherent seed light source. Beam pointing measurements provide further evidence for near single-mode behavior as the pointing fluctuations are shown to be negligible once the fiber is coiled to a given diameter.
The fabrication of a polarization-maintaining version of a large-mode-area multi-clad fiber design with high Yb
concentrations and a robust output beam represents a significant challenge due to the high risk of cracking of the doped
silica multi-clad next to the core during the drilling procedure. A new preform fabrication approach permitting the
realization of a large first-clad fiber featuring a high birefringence, while preserving the preform integrity is presented.
The birefringence was improved by locating the stress-applying-parts in the first-clad region and by increasing their
boron content. The preform and fiber fabrication will be presented as well as the fiber performances in a pulsed amplifier
configuration.
A 225-μJ polarization maintaining ytterbium-doped large-mode-area multiclad fiber was designed and fabricated with an
effective mode area of 450 μm2 and a photodarkening maximum excess loss of ~1 dB/m at 1064 nm. The fiber index
profile is based on a depressed-clad to obtain a diffraction-limited output. Optimization for low photodarkening and high
conversion efficiency while maintaining a good control on the core's refractive index profile has been achieved by
adjusting the ytterbium/phosphorus/aluminum concentrations in the fiber core. Concentration ratios of
phosphorus/aluminum from 0.12 to 1.25 were experimentally investigated in terms of photodarkening rate and excess
loss. Within this range, the photodarkening excess loss was observed to decrease by a factor of 8. The large-mode-area
fiber was used in a 10-ns pulse amplifier at 1064 nm with a repetition rate of 100 kHz and 0.5-nm bandwidth. The
diffraction-limited output has a measured M2 value of 1.04 when the fiber is coiled to a diameter of 12 cm. The fiber
amplifier slope efficiency is 70% with a polarization extinction ratio greater than 23 dB. It is shown how the
phosphorus/aluminum ratio reduces photodarkening, and how a depressed-clad design improves higher-order mode
filtering for reliable, efficient, and compact ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers.
The relations between dopant concentrations (phosphorus and aluminum) and photodarkening rate, excess loss, and
activation energies in ytterbium-doped silica fibers are experimentally investigated. It is shown that increasing the
concentration of phosphorus from 0.2 to 2.5 mol% in phosphorus/aluminum codoped fiber cores decreases the
photodarkening excess loss by a factor of 8 and the photodarkening rate by a factor of 10. Moreover, the effective
number of ytterbium ions involved in the photodarkening process increases from 4 to more than 6 for tested
phosphorus/aluminum concentration ratios varying from 0.1 to 1 respectively. In contrast, increasing the aluminum
concentration from 2 to 5 mol% for a fixed phosphorus concentration of 0.2 mol% has negligible effect on the initial
photodarkening rate or the effective number of ytterbium ions involved in the process, but still decreases the
photodarkening excess loss by a factor of 5. Those results suggest photodarkening activation energies of 5.2 eV for
ytterbium/aluminum-codoped silica fibers and more than 7.8 eV for ytterbium/phosphorus/aluminum-codoped silica
fibers. The net improvement in photodegradation of fiber amplifiers based on such phosphorus and aluminum codoping
is measured experimentally and numerically simulated. The output power loss of 1064-nm ytterbium-doped LMA fiber
amplifiers with phosphorus/aluminum ratios of 0.1 and 0.6 is reduced after 10 000 hours from 17% to less than 2%,
respectively. Better understanding of the effects of phosphorus and aluminum on photodarkening will help to design
reliable and efficient ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers.
Based on a depressed-clad index profile design, a PM Yb-doped large mode area (LMA) fiber with an effective mode
area of 450 μm2 was designed and fabricated. The fiber was used to amplify 10-ns pulses at 1064 nm with a repetition
rate of 100 kHz, and an output energy higher than 200 μJ was obtained, within a bandwidth of 0.5 nm. The fiber was
coiled on a 12-cm diameter mandrel to obtain a single-mode output having a measured M2 value of 1.04. The output
polarization extinction ratio was higher than 20 dB. The photodarkening excess loss of the Ytterbium//Phosphorus
Aluminum co-doped fiber was measured to be a factor 5 lower than that of a reference Ytterbium/Aluminum co-doped
fiber. It is shown how a depressed-clad index profile design can improve higher-order mode filtering while keeping the
coiling diameter practical for compact fiber amplifier packaging.
Photodarkening and photobleaching processes affect the level of photodegradation of Yb-doped fibers. Characterization
and modeling of each process is crucial to understand how to optimize the operating conditions of fiber amplifiers and
lasers to obtain acceptable output power degradation. We show that photobleaching is a key factor in the modeling and
simulation of a 10-ns pulsed Yb-doped LMA fiber amplifier. Each parameter of the model was separately determined
from induced excess loss measurements under selective pump and wavelength excitations. The model was used to
simulate accurately the measured fiber amplifier degradation. Optimized fiber length and gain were calculated to
improve the output power stability over time and increase the fiber lifetime. Furthermore, eight fibers have been
fabricated with various Yb, Al, and P content using the MCVD process to optimize the core composition. The level of
photodarkening in each fiber was evaluated by measuring separately rate coefficient and excess loss. It was found that all
fibers followed a similar inversion-dependent rate while the maximum excess loss was dependent on the ratios [Al]/[Yb]
and [P]/[Yb]. The proposed model allows for rapid evaluation and optimization of fiber parameters and operation
conditions to assist Yb-doped laser system design in achieving the desired performance with low photodegradation.
The work presented in this paper had two main objectives. The first objective was to develop a very stable nanosecond
infrared pulsed fiber laser oscillator platform offering a straightforward and accurate control over the pulse
characteristics in the time domain. The second objective was to deliver what we call "high quality photons", which
means delivering pulses with high energy and excellent beam quality and narrow spectral linewidth, all at the same time
and with very good stability. Oscillators with such attributes find applications in material processing fields, for example
in memory repair, photovoltaic cell processing or micro-milling, to name just a few. In order to achieve the first
objective, an embedded digital platform using high-speed electronics was developed. Using this platform and a
computer, pulse shapes have been programmed straightforwardly in the non-volatile memory of the instrument, with an
amplitude resolution of 10 bits and a time resolution of 2.5 ns. Optical pulses having tailored temporal profiles, with rise
times around 1 ns and pulse energy stability levels better than ± 3% at 3σ, have been generated at high repetition rates (>
100 kHz) at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Achieving the second objective required amplifying the low power master
oscillator signal (10-100 mW) to output power levels in the range of 1 to 50 W. A multi-clad, polarization maintaining,
Yb-doped large mode area fiber was specially designed to allow for the amplification of high peak power optical pulses,
while keeping control over the nonlinear effects and preserving an excellent beam quality. Optical pulses with tailored
shapes and pulse energy levels in excess of 140 μJ have been produced for pulse durations in the range of 10 to 80 ns,
with 86% of the power emitted in a 0.5-nm bandwidth. The linearly polarized beam M2 parameter was smaller than 1.1,
with both the astigmatism and the asymmetry below 15%. The pulse energy stability was better than ± 3% at 3σ. We
conclude with a discussion about some of the applications of the developed platform.
Photodarkening is presently a major concern for the long term reliability and efficiency of high power Yb-doped fiber
lasers and amplifiers. This phenomenon has been associated with the formation of color centers in the fiber core of
single-clad and large mode area Yb-doped fibers. However, its origin is still not well understood and to date no
comprehensive model that could predict the lifetime of Yb-doped fiber-based devices has been put forward. A semi-empirical
approach seems at the moment the best way to gain a better understanding of the growth behavior of photo-induced
losses in Yb-doped fibers in the presence of both photodarkening and photobleaching processes. A rate equation
describing the activation and deactivation of color centers involving stretched exponential functions has been developed.
For this approach to be effective and reliable, a minimum of parameters is used, four to describe photodarkening and
three for photobleaching. A large mode area Yb-doped fiber fabricated at INO using the MCVD process has been
characterized. By properly choosing the initial pumping conditions, each parameter of the stretched exponential
functions has been measured separately from the others. The model has then been used to simulate the power decay from
a 1 kW, 10 ns-pulse, 100 kHz Yd-doped LMA fiber power amplifier. We show that the photodarkening behavior
predicted by the model is in good agreement with the experimental results over more than 6000 hours. Such a model is
general in its application but the stretched exponential parameters are unique to the type of fiber tested. The model will
be a useful characterization tool for developing photodarkening-resistant fibers and for evaluating the lifetime of Yb-doped
fiber-based devices affected by photodegradation.
High-energy pulsed narrow-linewidth diffraction-limited ytterbium-doped power amplifiers in the 1030 to 1100 nm
wavelength range and in the nanosecond regime require large mode area (LMA) fibers to mitigate stimulated Brillouin
scattering (SBS). However, typical LMA fibers with mode-field diameters larger than 20 &mgr;m are inherently multimode.
To achieve a diffraction-limited output, several techniques are available such as low core numerical aperture, fiber
coiling and selective doping. The triple-clad fiber design takes advantage of the three techniques. The first clad located
next to the core allows a reduction and a better control of the effective numerical aperture for high ytterbium doping that
is difficult to achieve with the standard double-clad fiber design. Also, the thickness of the first clad gives an extra
degree of freedom that allows either a nearly bending-insensitive output or mode filtering through bending losses that
can be enhanced by a depressed-clad design. Incorporating to the triple-clad design an optimized selective rare-earth
doping of the core favors the fundamental mode over higher-order modes by the gain differential. Using the right
dopants, it can also favor SBS suppression by reducing the overlap between optical and acoustic field distributions.
Ytterbium-doped LMA triple-clad fibers with a large depressed first clad and selective ytterbium doping are tested in a
power amplifier configuration. Also, ytterbium-doped polarization-maintaining LMA triple-clad fibers with a thin first
clad are tested for SBS.
We present current work developed at INO on phosphate glass optical fiber for laser and amplifier applications at 1.54
microns. Core and cladding glasses were fabricated by a multi-components melting process which gave an uniform
refractive index core profile. Rod-in-tube method under Argon atmosphere was used to fabricate optical fibers. The
effect of nitrogen atmosphere on hydroxyl groups OH- during glass melting was studied. The absorption coefficient
calculated at 3.42 μm was found to be lower than 0.5 cm-1 which corresponds to less than 70 ppm OH-. Absorption and
emission cross sections were calculated at 1534 nm. Fabrication process allowed us to decrease background losses of
core Er3+ - Yb3+ co-doped fiber between 0.02 and 0.04 dB/cm. Laser power was measured at 1563 nm and a 26% slope
efficiency was achieved with a 22 cm-long single-clad fiber co-doped with 1.1 wt% in Er3+ and 11.1 wt% in Yb3+. For
the same fiber, an internal gain was found to be 20 dB at 1536 nm for a 5-cm-long fiber.
It is shown that the introduction of an adiabatic taper at the output end of a large-mode-area fiber amplifier can greatly
improve the beam quality factor of the single-mode output beam when the core refractive index profile departs from an
ideal step-index distribution. The deleterious impact of higher-order modes is also analyzed.
A 2.4 μm room-temperature continuous-wave Cr2+:ZnSe laser pumped by a Thulium Fiber Laser is experimentally
investigated. The laser delivers up to 720 mW of output power with absorbed power slope efficiency of 52%. The laser
is tunable from 2294 to 2678 nm. Gain-switching is also demonstrated by using a Pulsed Erbium Fiber Laser pump
source. A maximum pulse energy of 0.36 μJ is achieved with an absorbed threshold of 0.28 μJ and an absorbed power
slope efficiency of 41%.
The ytterbium-doped large mode area triple-clad fiber design allows for a high concentration of ytterbium in the fiber
core which is difficult to achieve with a standard double-clad design. The novelty of the triple-clad fiber design consists
in adding to the double-clad fiber design, a first clad next to its core. This first clad offers a better control of the core
effective area. With this design a low numerical aperture is achievable (~0.06) for highly rare earth doped large mode
area fiber. A 33-μm core ytterbium doped fiber has been fabricated using MCVD and solution doping processes.
Selective doping and optimized first clad thickness have been used in the triple-clad design to obtain a nearly bending
insensitive and nearly diffraction-limited fiber output. The fiber has been tested in a free-running laser configuration and
its slope efficiency is 84% with a laser threshold of 1.4 W. A maximum output power of 26 W at 1070 nm has been
achieved for a launched pump power of 34 W at 976 nm. The mode-field diameter has been measured at 18 μm and the
output beam M2 quality factor is below 1.1. Both output power and beam quality were not significantly affected by fiber
bending with loops diameter as small as 2.5 cm. The optical performance of the triple-clad fiber design is robust to
mechanical stress and well suited for building very compact high power fiber lasers and amplifier sources.
The new highly rare-earth doped triple-clad fiber design comprises a first clad next to the core of the well-known double-clad design. The added clad allows to reduce and to better control the core effective numerical aperture for achieving a highly doped large mode area amplifying fiber with a very low numerical aperture (~0.07). The triple-clad design is optimized to obtain a nearly bending insensitive fiber output while keeping excellent beam quality through proper ytterbium doping. The high ytterbium concentration allows for very high gain from a short (~1 m) fiber length which, in many applications, is required to prevent the onset of nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering. A polarization-maintaining 22-μm core Yb-doped triple-clad fiber was first tested. A laser slope efficiency of up to 86% with a polarization extinction ratio exceeding 24 dB and a M2 output beam quality factor below 1.1, for both laser and amplifier configurations, have been measured. Moreover, beam quality and output power were not significantly affected when coiling the fiber down to a 1.2 cm diameter, thus showing the optical robustness of the triple clad fiber design and offering the opportunity to build very compact high power fiber amplifiers and laser sources.
The thulium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser converts infrared radiation in the range 1100-1160 nm to visible radiation around 480 nm through an upconversion pumping process. A brief description of the laser through a rate equation analysis modeling is presented. A compact experimental setup using a diode-pumped Yb3+ fiber laser
at 1108 nm is presented. Single transverse mode blue emission at 482 nm with a maximal output power of 96 mW was obtained. A slight increase of the laser threshold due to photoinduced losses from 103 mW to 240 mW was observed, which is significantly less than previously reported values. Further optimization of the laser
efficiency is proposed using Raman fiber laser pumping at 1125 and 1160 nm. Numerical simulations are used to calculate the expected increase in blue output power.
re present a model for a 455 nm thulium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser co-pumped at 645, 684 and 1064 nm. This model
calculates the blue laser output power using a rate equation analysis and takes into account the cross-relaxation and
cooperative upconversion processes. We calculate the optimal pump wavelength for the case of a single visible pump
wavelength, and then show the benefits of adding the second visible pump wavelength at 684 nm for a low 1064 nm pump
power (120 mW). At high infrared pump powers (≥600 mW), we then show that adding the second pump does not increase
the efficiency of the laser. These results are explained by studying the population densities of the energy levels of the
thulium ions for each pumping configuration.
We present a model for 455-nm thulium-doped fluorozirconate fiber lasers co-pumped at 645 nm and 1064 nm. Twelve radiative transitions are accounted for in our model, along with cross- relaxation and cooperative upconversion processes. Blue laser output power is computed using a rate equation analysis. Relevant spectroscopic data used in our model are given, including cross-section measurements that we have performed. The results of our simulation show a good agreement with previously published experimental data. The importance of cross-relaxation processes is discussed. The dependence of output laser power on fiber length, output mirror reflectivity, and pump powers is also addressed.
The thulium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser is emitting visible radiation through an upconversion process which allows for the generation of hundreds of milliwatts of output power at 480 nm. The main features of this laser are presented and analyzed on the basis of an equation rate analysis. Cross- relaxation processes are shown to play an important role in the dynamical evolution of the population levels. The problem of the onset of a photo-induced absorption in the fluoride-glass matrix is also addressed in connection with its detrimental effects on laser operation. Practical solutions to this problem are explored.
The main features of a thulium-doped ZBLAN fiber laser are presented and compared to the results of a numerical analysis. Particularly, the problem of the photoinduced absorption arising from the formation of color-centers is addressed with special attention to its detrimental effects on laser operation. Practical solutions to this problem are also explored.
The first demonstration of blue upconversion fiber lasers in Tm-ZBLAN has generated considerable interest among laser scientists looking for all-solid-state visible sources. Although initial experiments have shown a large conversion efficiency, a good spatial beam quality and an overall simplicity of the approach, these sources have not yet appeared on the market. In an attempt to reproduce these early results, many research teams including our own have encountered unexplained and detrimental start-up effects in these lasers. We have recently shown that this behavior is the result of photochromic damage in the fluoride fibers generated by the infrared pumping source. Progressive build- up of photoinduced loss ultimately prevents operation of the device. The photoinduced absorption spectrum extends from the UV to the near infrared, with three major bands centered around 300 nm, 500 nm and 800 nm. Pump-probe experiments show that the damage mechanism depends on the Tm3+ concentration and that it follows a fourth power dependence on the pumping intensity. Further investigation has revealed that photobleaching of the defects is possible using visible and near infrared radiation. The residual absorption spectrum following photobleaching suggests that three different species of defects are created. One type of defects is related to the 800 nm band and can be permanently removed. The other two are only temporarily removed by photobleaching and reappear on a time-scale of a few minutes. In addition, thermal bleaching can completely erase the defects in certain fibers. This paper summarizes the current understanding of photoinduced phenomena occurring in Tm3+-ZBLAN fibers.
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