In this work a multiplexed multi-parameter marinized sensory array is described. This was deployed in 2 different array configurations across 3 different marine sites in Orkney. The chosen deployment sites were to test the sensory array response to long period oceanic waves, the effects of passing marine traffic for harbor security, and highly energetic tidal flow generation. The sensor array is made up of 4 measurement stations which are connected in series. Across these measurement stations, a total of 16 temperature sensors, 4 attitude sensors (each consisting of 3 individual fiber sensors) and 16 flow sensors were successfully deployed. A total of 86 FBGs were interrogated simultaneously. They were addressed over 0.25km via 20 single-mode (SMF-28e) optical fibers contained in a single marine compliant ruggedized umbilical. The bio-inspired fiber optic flow sensors are designed to mimic the behavior of the superficial neuromasts naturally found as part of the lateral line sensory organ present in fish. The sensor is composed of optical fibers inscribed with Fiber Bragg Gratings glued together in a polymer matrix which are then encapsulated in a polyurethane shell. The sensors response has been tested in DC flows in a tow tank and have demonstrated the ability of measuring flow speed from 0.05ms-1 to 2.5ms-1. The main aim of the deployment was to demonstrate the capabilities of fiber sensor technology for oceanographic applications. The measurement periods described lasted over 1 day and the sensor system performed well in comparison with data gathered from commercial instrumentation.
A. Dzipalski, J. A. Morton, N. Papachristou, R. R. Maier, W. MacPherson, A. Ristolainen, M. Kruusmaa, E. Reilent, B. Wolf, P. Pirih, S. van Netten, I. Shuhova, U. Lips, N. McFarlane, R. Macleod, M. Hendry, J. Sheehy, M. Almoghayer, N. Rojas, G. Davies, A. Hakim, A. Ng
In this paper a multiplexed multi-parameter marinized sensory array is described. This was deployed on the continental slope off the Keri Island marine observatory in the Gulf of Finland (Estonia). The sensor array is made up of 4 measurement stations which are connected in series. Across these measurement stations, a total of 16 temperature sensors, 4 attitude sensors (each consisting of 3 individual fiber sensors) and 16 flow sensors were successfully deployed. They were addressed over 1.1 km via 20 single-mode (SMF-28e) optical fibers contained in a single marine compliant ruggedized umbilical. The bio-inspired fiber optic flow sensors are designed to mimic the behavior of the superficial neuromasts naturally found as part of the lateral line sensory organ present in fish. The sensor is composed of optical fibers inscribed with Fiber Bragg Gratings glued together in a polymer matrix which are then encapsulated in a polyurethane shell. The sensors response has been tested in DC flows in a tow tank and have demonstrated the ability of measuring flow speed from 0.05 ms-1 to 2.5 ms-1. The main aim of the deployment was to demonstrate the capabilities of fiber sensor technology for long-term oceanographic applications. The measurement period described lasted over two months and the sensor system performed well in comparison with data was gathered from commercial instrumentation available.
In this paper we present long-term stability results for a Fabry-Pérot optical fibre sensor in high temperatures environments. We introduce an intrinsic Fabry-Pérot type of sensor, which its sensing element is made with an undoped pure fused silica cavity. Furthermore, we will present results detailing dopant diffusion from core to cladding of standard optical fibres demonstrating their inherent unsuitability for high temperature environments. Finally, we display the manufacturing technique required to produce this sensor and we present results of 33 days long stability tests conducted at elevated temperatures of more than 900°C.
We present high temperature (~1100°C) stability tests of, Ge-doped and F-doped, optical fibre sensors. Our analysis includes the variation in their behaviours within high temperature environments and how the dopant diffusion affects their long term stability.
A smart metal component having the potential for high temperature strain sensing capability is reported. The stainless steel (SS316) structure is made by selective laser melting (SLM). A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is embedded in to a 3D printed U-groove by high temperature brazing using a silver based alloy, achieving an axial FBG compression of 13 millistrain at room temperature. Initial results shows that the test component can be used for up to 700°C for sensing applications.
Applications of fibre optic sensors at high temperatures have gained a huge interest recently, as they appeared to be suitable for temperature recording in harsh environments. In this paper, we are demonstrating two intrinsic Fabry-Perot (F-P) fibre optic sensors for high temperature monitoring. The sensors are consisting of a 125μm diameter single mode fibre (SMF28) and a 125μm diameter PCF ESM-12B pure fused silica fibre spliced to a SMF28, respectively. The result was a low finesse optical SMF-Cr-SMF, and SMF-Cr-PCF, sensor with cavity lengths varying from 50μm to 100μm. Both types of Fabry-Perot sensors were tested in a tube furnace over a temperature range from room temperature up to 1100°C. Following a number of annealing cycles, between the above mentioned temperatures range, very good repeatability of the phase response was achieved. During the cycling process, thermal stress relief takes place which makes the sensors suitable for temperature testing at temperatures just in excess of 1000°C. After initial cycling the sensors are subjected to long term stability tests. The phase response is stable, less than 4°C, over a period of 5 days at a temperature of 1050°C for both sensors. The temperature resolution is around 3°C.
Metal clad single mode optical fibres containing Fibre Bragg Gratings are embedded in stainless steel components using bespoke laser based Selective Laser Melting technology (SLM). Significant residual stresses can be created in SLM manufactured components through the strong thermal gradients during the build process. We demonstrate the ability to monitor these internal stresses through embedded optical fibres with FBGs on a layer to layer basis, confirming estimates from models for residual stresses in additive manufactured components.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) machining has been demonstrated to be capable of fabricating nano and micro scale elements
onto optical fibres. In this paper we exploit FIB to fabricate core aligned 45° mirrors at the end of multi-core fibres
(MCF). The resulting fibre is used as a component in a two dimensional optical fibre accelerometer. The mirror is
produced using a two step process: first a scanning process is used to make a rough cut to define the overall mirror
structure. This is followed by a polishing process to create an optical surface finish. The machined 45° mirror can be
accurately aligned with optical fibre core, which avoids issues associated with the alignment of external turning mirror
components. Proof-of-concept tests demonstrate the use of such a fibre as a two axis acceleration sensor that is
interrogated interferometrically. The sensor operated between 0.5g and 4.5g with a cross talk of -24.3dB between axes.
Smart metal having integrated high temperature sensing capability is reported. The SS316 structure is made by additive layer manufacturing via selective laser melting (SLM). Sensor component is embedded in to the structure during the SLM build process. The strain isolated in-fiber Fabry-Perot cavity sensor measures temperature up to 1100 °C inside the metal.
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are embedded into Stainless Steel (SS) 316 components using bespoke Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology. SS 316 material is added on substrates by SLM, incorporating U-shaped grooves with dimensions suitable to hold nickel coated optical fibers. Coated optical fibers containing fiber Bragg gratings for strain monitoring are placed in the groove. Melting subsequent powder layer on top of the fiber completes the embedding. Strain levels exceeding 3 mε are applied to specimens and are measured by embedded fiber optic sensors. Elastic deformation of the steel component is reliably measured by the Bragg grating from within the component with high accuracy. During plastic deformation of the steel the optical fiber is slipping due to poor adhesive bonding between fused silica and metal surround.
Metal clad single mode optical fibres containing high reflectivity Bragg gratings are successfully embedded into stainless steel components using bespoke laser based additive manufacturing technology. Temperature cycling of the embedded sensor demonstrates the ability of gratings to survive the embedding process, and act as temperature or strain sensors. At extreme temperatures up to 500 °C, discontinuities in the gratings response are observed and these have been attributed to possible delamination issues at the interface between glass fiber and the surrounding metal.
We present the fabrication, characterization and encapsulation of a fibre optic temperature sensor based upon a micro Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity. The F-P cavity is formed between a reflective in-fibre metallic splice and the air-fibre boundary at the end of the sensor. A change in temperature modifies the optical cavity length and this is observed as a shift in the reflected interference spectrum. The temperature resolution of the sensor is <10 °C. The sensor can reliably operate for high temperature measurement up to 1000 °C. Furthermore a sealed off capillary is used to avoid strain transfer to the sensor in embedded applications.
Micro-cantilever sensors have shown great promise in a wide range of application are as including chemical and biological sensing. However, many of these devices are based upon a sensor ‘chip’ that requires careful alignment between the cantilever and the read-out system, which can be challenging. Furthermore, optical interrogation typically involves a bulky free-space system. Optical fibre addressed cantilevers have been reported previously in the literature and in this paper we propose techniques to design and fabricate polymer micro-cantilevers for attachment onto the end of standard single mode fibres using laser machining. Low-cost optical sources and a fibre coupled spectrometer are employed to monitor the cantilever deflection and therefore observe biological binding between a species of interest and an activated cantilever. Proof-of-concept experiments show that the sensor is capable of detecting pathogen concentration with down to a level of 105cfu/ml.
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of structural components in metals has potential to revolutionise the manufacturing industry. Embedded sensing in such structures opens a route towards SMART metals, providing added functionality, intelligence and enhanced performance in many components. Such embedded sensors would be capable of operating at extremely high temperatures by utilizing regenerated fibre Bragg gratings and in-fibre Fabry-Perot cavities.
An all optical fibre based sensing configuration designed to measure the changes in differential length of two independent Fabry-Perot cavities at widely separated locations in an environment where strong temperature gradients may exist is demonstrated. Two Fabry-Perot sensing cavities are formed between the cleaved end of a fibre and a reflective surface. The presented technique is based on low coherence tandem interferometry incorporating high coherence interferometry as a calibration measurement.
Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) machining has been demonstrated to be capable of fabricating nano and micro-structure elements. In this paper we demonstrate techniques to design and fabricate a 45° mirror on the end of both conventional single mode and multi-core fibres (MCF) using FIB processing. The mirror is finished by a two step process: first a scanning process is used to make a rough cut followed by a polishing process to create an optical surface finish. The machined 45° mirror can be accurately aligned with optical fibre core, which avoids issues associated with the alignment of external turning mirror components. Proof-of-concept tests demonstrate that the fabricated structure is capable of measuring two axis displacements interferometrically with a maximum displacement up to 1.0mm and an rms error of ~50nm.
Metal clad single mode optical fibres are successfully embedded into stainless steel using a layer by layer based additive manufacturing technology based on selective laser sintering of powered stainless steel material. The single mode fibre has been coated with a protective Ni metal layer to facilitate thermal protection and bonding to the stainless steel matrix. A loss of ~1 dB is observed after embedding which is attributed to micro bending in the embedded section.
This paper presents the use of low coherence coupled tandem interferometry to measure the differential length of two independent Fabry-Perot (F-P) type microcavities. The two discrete F-P type microcavities are formed between the cleaved end of a fibre and a reflective surface, which could for example, be a pressure sensing membrane or any other component of a transducing element. The technique is an all-optical fibre based sensing configuration in which the sensing cavities are at widely separated locations in an environment where strong temperature gradients may exist. The sensing system is based on two sequential cavities arranged in tandem. The lengths of the cavities are probed by a temperature stabilised fibre based Michelson interferometer operating with a broadband light source. One arm of the probing Michelson interferometer is scanned using a piezo fibre stretcher resulting in an optical path length difference (OPD) between the two arms. The optical interconnecting leads from the probing Michelson interferometer to the two F-P locations are not an active part of the sensor configuration and therefore this configuration is largely insensitive to temperature and strain effects on these interconnecting leads. It is only the probing Michelson interferometer which has to be temperature stabilised. This arrangement allows the F-P measurement cavities to be separated by distances in the range of tens of meters.
Lasers have been shown to be successful in certain medical procedures and they have been identified as potentially making a major contribution to the development of minimally invasive procedures. However, the uptake is not as widespread and there is scope for many other applications where laser devices may offer a significant advantage in comparison to the traditional surgical tools. The purpose of this research is to assess the potential of using a picosecond laser for minimally invasive laser sclerostomy. Experiments were carried out on porcine scleral samples due to the comparable properties to human tissue. Samples were prepared with a 5mm diameter trephine and were stored in lactated Ringer’s solution. After laser machining, the samples were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, then dried and investigated under SEM. The laser used in the experiments is an industrial picosecond TRUMPF TruMicro laser operating at a wavelength of 1030nm, pulse length of 6ps, repetition rate of 1 kHz and a focused spot diameter of 30μm. The laser beam was scanned across the samples with the use of a galvanometer scan head and various ablation patterns were investigated. Processing parameters (pulse energy, spot and line separation) which allow for the most efficient laser ablation of scleral tissue without introducing any collateral damage were investigated. The potential to create various shapes, such as linear incisions, square cavities and circular cavities was demonstrated.
In this work we present the delivery of high energy Er:YAG laser pulses operating at 2.94 μm through a hollow-core negative curvature fibre (HC-NCF) and a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre (HC-PCF) and their use for the ablation of biological tissue. In HC-NCF fibres, which have been developed recently, the laser radiation is confined in a hollow core and by an anti-resonant or reflection principle (also known as ARROW). Both fibres are made of fused silica which has high mechanical and chemical durability, is bio-inert and results in a fibre with the flexibility that lends itself to easy handling and minimally invasive procedures. The HC-NCF structure consists of only one ring of capillaries around a realtively large core, followed by a protecting outer layer, hence the preform is relatively easy to build compared to traditional HC-PCF. The measured attenuation at 2.94 μm is 0.06 dB/m for the HC-NCF and 1.2 dB/m for the HC-PCF. Both fibres have a single mode output beam profile which can be advantageous for surgical applications as the beam profile is maintained during fibre movement. We demonstrate delivery of high energy pulses through both fibres, well above the thresholds needed for the ablation of biological tissue in non-contact and contact mode. Delivered energy densities reached > 750 J/cm-2 after 10 m of HC-NCF and > 3400 J/cm2 through a 44 cm HC-PCF.
We investigate the phase matching conditions and sensitivities of higher order metal jacketed long period gratings
(LPGs). These higher order modes have been previously demonstrated to have flatter, and therefore more sensitive,
phase matching conditions leading up to the phase matching turning point. We demonstrate this increased sensitivity as
applied to a Pd jacketed LPG hydrogen sensor illustrating an improvement in both the refractive index and temperature
sensitivity (of the 17th order mode) of an order of magnitude over the lower order (1st-9th) modes.
Micro-cantilevers are one of the most popular Micro-Electronics-Mechanical-Sensor (MEMS).They've demonstrated in
a number of application areas such as chemical and bio-sensing. However, these devices usually need the alignment of
the cantilever with the read-out system, which can be challenging. Furthermore, it involves a bulky free-space optical
detection system. In this paper, we propose techniques to design and fabricate micro-cantilevers onto the end of standard single mode fibres using a picoseconds (ps) laser machining technique. In this way the cantilever can be aligned with the core of the fibre therefore offering stable and accurate means of optically addressing the cantilever. Low-cost optical sources and fibre coupled spectrometers are employed to interrogate the final cavity with a resolution around 15nm. Experiment show this optical fibre cantilever can be used as a displacement sensor with a dynamic range up to 7μm. Proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that the cantilever could also be used as a temperature sensor in the range of 24-320°C with a temperature sensitivity of 0.5°C.
Micro-fabricated cantilevers have been reported recently as miniaturized, rapid response, ultrasensitive sensors elements
suitable for various chemical and bio-sensing applications. However, the alignment of the cantilever with the optical
read-out system can be challenging and typically involves a bulky free-space optical detection system. We propose using
cantilevers aligned to the core of an optical fibre during the fabrication process to address this issue.
Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) machining has been demonstrated as capable of fabricating fibre-top cantilevers. Here we
demonstrate techniques to design and fabricate micro-cantilevers using a combination of laser machining and FIB
processing to fabricate sensing cantilevers onto the end of standard and multi-core fibres (MCF). In this way the
cantilever can be aligned with the core of the fibre therefore offering stable and accurate means of optically addressing
the cantilever. Use of MCF offers the potential for a single probe capable of making multiple measurements in a
confined measurement volume, to determine multiple species of interest, or to provide background reference
measurements for example.
The optical cavity formed between the fibre and the cantilever is monitored using low-cost optical sources and fibre
coupled spectrometers to demonstrate a practical measurement system. This can readily achieve <50nm resolution using
analysis based upon recovering the free spectral range using the Fast Fourier Transform to calculate the final cavity
length.
In this work we present the fabrication of silica hollow core photonic crystal fibres (HC-PCF) with guidance at 2.94μm.
As light is confined inside the hollow core with a very small overlap of the guided E-M wave with the fibre material, the
high intrinsic loss of silica at these mid-infrared wavelengths can be overcome. The band gap effect is achieved by a
periodic structure made out of air and fused silica. As silica is bio-inert, chemically stable and mechanically robust, these
fibres have potential advantages over other multi-component, non-silica optical fibres designed to guide in this
wavelength regime. These fibres have a relatively small diameter, low bend sensitivity and single-mode like guidance
which are ideal conditions for delivering laser light down a highly flexible fibre. Consequently they provide a potential
alternative to existing surgical laser delivery methods such as articulated arms and lend themselves to endoscopy and
other minimally invasive surgical procedures. In particular, we present the characterisation and performance of these
fibres at 2.94 μm, the wavelength of an Er:YAG laser. This laser is widely used in surgery since the wavelength overlaps
with an absorption band of water which results in clean, non-cauterised cuts. However, the practical implementation of
these types of fibres for surgical applications is a significant challenge. Therefore we also report on progress made in
developing hermetically sealed end tips for these hollow core fibres to avoid contamination. This work ultimately
prepares the route towards a robust, practical delivery system for this wavelength.
We investigate the optical properties of Pd thin films of the thickness 20-100nm deposited on Si wafer via RF sputter
coating. The Pd samples are characterised using white light interfermometry for thickness and ellipsometry for
refractive index. We demonstrate the independence of refractive index on film thickness above 20nm. Considerable
discrepancy is found between our measurement and previously published complex refractive indices for both bulk and
RF sputter coated Pd, indicating a high degree of dependence on deposition technique.
Presently, there is no truly flexible delivery system for light from Er:Yag medical lasers (λ = 2.94 μm) which allows
surgeons to work unrestricted. Instead, either a relatively inflexible articulated arm or multi-mode fibre, limited to large
bend radii, must be used. One proposed solution is the use of novel types of hollow core - band gap optical fibre rather
than more traditional large area solid core fibres. In these silica based fibres, material absorption and damage limitations
are overcome by using a photonic band gap structure. This confines radiation to lower order modes, that are guided in a
small diameter air core. The overall fibre diameter is also smaller, which allows a smaller mechanical bend radius.
Together with the guidance in air, this improves the laser power damage threshold. However, there are many practical
hurdles that must be overcome to achieve a robust system for use in surgery.
One of the main problems is that the fibre structure is hollow and ingress of dust, vapour, fluids and other contaminants
need to be prevented to ensure safe in-vivo usage. Additionally, any infibre contamination will degrade the laser damage
resistance of the fibre leading to potential catastrophic failure. The development of a robust and hermetically sealed end
cap for the fibre, without adversely affecting beam quality or damage threshold is an essential prerequisite for the safe
and efficient use of such fibres in surgery. In this paper we report on the progress on implementing end caps and describe
novel methods of sealing off these hollow fibres in particular for surgical applications. This work will demonstrate that
the use of these superior fibres with low loss guidance at 2.94 μm in surgery is feasible.
We demonstrate for the first time true distributed sensing of scale and location of transverse loading along an extended
length of polarisation maintaining [PM] fibre with high spatial resolution using Optical Frequency Domain
Reflectometry [OFDR]. Transverse loading of PM fibres induces local and differential changes in refractive index in
slow and fast axis, depending on scale and direction of load relative to the axes. The change in refractive index is
detected by monitoring the change in local periodicity of the statically distributed Rayleigh scatter for each PM fibre axis
simultaneously using OFDR.
We report on the use of thin film coatings, both single and multi-layered, deposited on the flat side of a
lapped, D-shaped fibre to enhance the sensitivity of two kinds of surface plasmon resonance based optical
fibre sensors. The first kind involves the use of a tilted Bragg grating inscribed within the fibre core, prior to
fibre coating, while the second relies on a surface relief grating photoinscribed after the fibre has been coated.
Some of the devices operate in air with high coupling efficiency in excess of 40dB and an estimated index
sensitivity of Δλ/Δn = 90nm from 1 to 1.15 index range showing potential for gas sensing. Other sensors
produced index sensitivities (Δλ/Δn) ranging from 6790nm to 12500nm in the aqueous index regime. The
materials used for these fibre optical devices are germanium, silica, silver, gold and palladium.
We demonstrate a new and highly flexible technique for high speed dynamic interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings
[FBG]. The technique is based on a ratiometric measurement employing a pulsed broad band light source, a single
detector and 2 filter FBGs. The filter FBGs are mounted on a temperature controlled cantilever where the strain of the
filter FBGs can be adjusted to requirement. The technique can be used on multiplexed FBGs and has been demonstrated
here at a frequency of 20kHz although much higher frequencies are possible with a light source of higher power. Sub
micro-strain resolution of 0.6 με at 23 kHz is demonstrated and the noise for strain ε(=ΔL/L) is
5•10-9ε√Hz-1.
A multicore fibre (MCF) sensor to measure the radial deformation of a compliant cylinder under compression is
presented. The sensor is connectorised and need not be permanently bonded to the test object. A differential
measurement technique using FBGs written into the MCF makes the sensor temperature insensitive. FBG measurement
of axial strain of a cylinder under compression is also reported.
We report an accelerometer based upon a simple fibre cantilever constructed from a short length of multicore fibre
(MCF) containing fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs). Two-axis measurement is demonstrated up to 3 kHz.
Conventionally optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have been used in high-resolution absorption-spectroscopy as narrow-band tuneable sources where the measurement resolution is determined by the OPO output linewidth, rather than the wavelength resolution of the detector. In contrast, the absorption spectroscopy of gases and other media has for many years been carried out using instruments such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers or high-resolution diffraction-grating-based tuneable monochromators. These techniques commonly utilise broadband thermal sources with highly-divergent illumination beams limiting their use in remote sensing or fibre delivery applications.
The work presented here reports a new approach to FTIR spectroscopy based around a novel Ti:sapphire pumped, signal-resonant OPO that uses a 10mm crystal of aperiodically-poled lithium niobate (APPLN) as the gain medium producing an idler output covering a 3.2-3.85μm tuning range with a typical full-width-half-maximum bandwidth of 85nm. Methane was used to demonstrate the technique since the OPO tuning range almost completely covers the strongest mid-infrared absorption lines of methane from 3.0-3.7μm (limited only by the available resonator optics). A double-beam Michelson interferometer was built around the OPO idler beam using a helium-neon laser as the second beam to self-calibrate each trace. Course tuning of the OPO resulted in the measurement of absorption data across the 3.2-3.85μm tuning range using methane held at pressures ranging from 2000mbar down to 25mbar. A maximum resolution of around 1cm-1 was achieved using a simple rapidly scanning mirror assembly indicating that with further development this approach could yield very high-resolution measurements.
Palladium and its alloys show a high and selective affinity for hydrogen, resulting in a volume expansion. We report on development work using fibre Bragg gratings attached to palladium tubes to monitor strain resulting from hydrogen uptake. The technique is aimed at low concentration hydrogen monitoring where H2 is the result of ageing of polymer materials.
The sensitivities of type I and IIA fibre Bragg gratings written to different reflectivities in SMF-28 and B/Ge fibres to ionizing radiation up to 0.54MGy are investigated. The Bragg wavelength shows a small and rapid increase at the start of irradiation followed by either a plateau (type I) or a decrease (type IIA).
In this paper we describe absolute distance measurement through an optically dense transparent polymer, using a fibrebased, broadband interrogated, Fabry-Perot interferometer. The dual fibre sensor demonstrates a system that provides 'on-line' compensation for temperature and stress effects through recovery of refractive index information. Over a typical sensing range of 1mm distance measurements with sub-micron accuracy are reported.
Sensors based on optical fibre materials will be required to tolerate a restrictive combination of physical and environmental parameters for several remote monitoring applications at AWE. These include changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, vibration, shock and acceleration, with the sensors being required to operate reliably for periods of up to 30 years with minimal intervention for maintenance. In addition, it is necessary that the sensors can function in the presence of ionising radiation. The sensors are being developed for a number of challenging in-situ physical and chemical measurements. These include remote gas composition analysis, monitoring shape change in compliant materials and the movement of metallic and polymeric components using sensors based on fibre Bragg gratings and interferometric techniques. Reliability issues include the long-term mechanical and optical performance of standard and novel glasses, optical fibres and cables, connectors, couplers, optical switches and Bragg gratings. The durability of materials used in the construction of fibre optic sensing components also requires to be assessed in addition to the epoxy and metallic coatings used to bond these components to a variety of material substrates.
We describe an optical system to monitor small long-term changes in the shape of a surface by using a network of optical fibre Bragg grating strain gauges, for applications in which space does not permit the use of techniques such as photogrammetry or structured light methods. Gratings are bonded to copper beryllium strips held under tension in contact with the test surface. The copper beryllium strips enable sufficient force to be transferred to the optical fibre from the compliant surface. Shape changes are revealed as strain changes in the sensor strips, inferred from wavelength shifts in the Bragg peaks. The optical signals are obtained in reflection by illuminating the sensor fibres with a broadband source and using a scanning Fabry-Perot filter to generate the spectrum with a wavelength resolution of 0.3 pm over the range 1530 to 1570 nm. Laboratory tests show that a strain resolution of 8 microstrain can be achieved with temperature compensation over the range 20 to 50 C, with a multiplexing capability of between 11 and 16 temperature - strain sensor pairs, depending on temperature gradients on the test surface. We present experimental measurements on a cylindrical test object subject to diametral loading, and show a comparison with a finite element model.
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