In this contribution, we report on the development of transparent and soft vibrotactile actuator array that can be utilized in the next-generation touch display panels. Explicitly, we believe that the actuator array can more efficiently be employed in rollable smart windows of a smart vehicle. The proposed actuator array mainly composed of dielectric elastomer layer and ionic conductors. In order to construct the proposed vibrotactile actuator array, the dielectric elastomer is sandwiched between two soft ionic hydrogels. The ionic hydrogels contract each other under the applied electric field because of electrostatic attraction. As a result, the dielectric elastomer is compressed in its thickness direction and expanded to the out-of-plane direction. When the applied electric field is removed, the dielectric elastomer and ionic conductors are recovered to its initial state by elastic restoring force. When the alternating electric signal is applied to this structure, it generates vibration. To construct 4 × 4 vibrotactile actuator array, four perpendicular stripes and four longitudinal stripes made of ionic conductors were put on/under the planar dielectric elastomer. The proposed actuator array generates the vibration in wide frequency range and strong vibration of about 0.8 g (g = 9.8 m/s2) at a resonant frequency was noticed. We demonstrated and confirmed that the vibration acceleration of each cell unit can be controlled by the input voltage (0.1 kV to 3.5 kV) and can be operated individually. The data indicate that the proposed vibrotactile actuator array could have utility in center fascia, deformable or transparent devices.
There is ongoing uncertainty about the best way to mitigate the complication strategy in the development of varifocal lenses. Many efforts are being focused on the fabrication of adaptive focus lenses by a simple technique. Since the adaptive focus lenses change its curvature in response to the applied voltage; there has been a multitude of research is actively under progress. In this paper, we propose a compliant, highly transparent, and electroactive polymers based selfdeformable microlens for smart optical devices. Especially, a non-ionic PVC gel among electroactive polymers was selected to develop self-deformable microlens to avoid the solvent leakage because its actuation mechanism is not based on solvent-drag deformation but on creep deformation in an electric field, unlike ionic gel electrolytes. To make the convex shape on an actuation area of the proposed module, we put a rigid annular electrode on the electroactive PVC gel and apply pressure input by the rigid annular electrode. Later, we measure the focal length variations of the proposed varifocal lens with various thicknesses of electroactive gels. The resulting focal length values, obtained for the proposed module being large enough to use in small and compact optic devices.
In these days, consumer electronics and medical device for optical diagnosis are minimalized and mobilized. The focusing part is one of crucial parts of optical diagnosis systems to reduce the size and weight. Thus, demand for tunable lens that change the focus itself is increased. To meet the demand, many tunable lens has been studied by utilizing smart materials that responded under mechanical, magnetic, optical, thermal, chemical, electrical or electrochemical stimuli. This paper reports a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and poly[di(ethylene glycol) adipate] (PDEGA) blend that is able to respond under electromechanical stimulus. The preparation of CNC/PDEGA and its characterization are illustrated and its actuation behavior is tested . Because the material has high dielectric constant and high reflection index, it is good candidate material for tunable lens.
Electroactive hydrogels are attractive for soft robotics and reconfigurable lens applications. Here we describe the design
and fabrication of cellulose-poly vinyl alcohol based hydrogels. The fabricated hydrogels were confirmed by Fourier
transformer spectroscopy, swelling studies, thermal analysis, surface morphology of fabricated hydrogel was study by
using scanning electron microscopy. The effect of poly vinyl alcohol concentration on the optical and electrical behavior
of hydrogels was studied.
This paper reports the experiment and finite element (FEM) simulation of an array type film haptic actuator. Haptic actuator was made of cellulose acetate films and adhesive tape separator between two films. For preparing 3×3 array haptic device, nine identical actuators were joined together. The purpose of an actuator is to create vibration feedback resulting from applied potential. Cellulose acetate based film actuator is suitable for transparent haptic devices because of its high dielectric constant, flexibility and transparency. The focus of this paper is to use a finite element model to simulate and analysis haptic actuator and verify that result with experiment. The reason of preferring ANSYS simulation is for the flexibility of modeling, time saving, post processing criteria and result accuracy.
Array haptic actuator to realize texture of button for virtue flight simulator is fabricated by using cellulose acetate (CA)
film. The haptic actuator has independent 3 × 3 cells for identical vibration. Each cell consists of topside CA layer and
bottomside CA layer with two pillars. Two ends of topside CA layer are fixed on the pillars similar with fixed end beam.
By an electrostatic force in the presence of electric field, the topside CA layer vibrates. Each cell shows its resonance
frequency peak in the capable frequency range of vibrotactile feeling from 100 Hz to 500 Hz. The acceleration
performance is shown to be higher than vibrotactile threshold on wide frequency band from 100 Hz to 400 Hz.
This paper reports an array type film haptic actuator based on cellulose acetate. Suggested actuator can vibrate with faster response time and various frequencies to give a range of haptic feedbacks to users which can be used in touch screen devices. Fabrication process, performance evaluation and electrostatic behavior of haptic actuator are reported for tactile sensation. Cellulose acetate film is suitable for haptic actuator for its transparency, flexibility and high dielectric constant. An element of haptic actuator is made by using cellulose acetate film with patterned adhesive tape spacer, then haptic actuator elements arrayed to 3 x 3 to embed in haptic devices. Experiment to measure vibration acceleration is carried out on wide range of actuation frequency and voltage for single actuator to evaluate 3x3 array actuator.
Over time, a wide variety of Haptic actuator have been designed and implemented to apply for mobile devices. This
paper addresses an electrostatic actuator composed of an active film and patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
columns. A cellulose acetate (CA) film charged with an electric potential can generate vibration under the potential. The
motion of the actuator is a concave and the actuator performance was modulated by increasing the bias level of the
electric potential. The performance was evaluated depending on various actuation conditions in terms of electrical
potential, bias voltage and frequency. It was found that the induced displacement of the actuator is proportional to the
bias level of electric potential. Fast rising and falling behavior of the proposed haptic actuator can allow the generation of
a vibrotactile sensation over a wide frequency range. The CA haptic actuator has a potential to generate a wide variety of
tactile sensations.
Haptic is one of well-considered device which is suitable for demanding virtual reality applications such as medical
equipment, mobile devices, the online marketing and so on. Nowadays, many of concepts for haptic devices have been
suggested to meet the demand of industries. Cellulose has received much attention as an emerging smart material, named
as electro-active paper (EAPap). The EAPap is attractive for mobile haptic devices due to its unique characteristics in
terms of low actuation power, suitability for thin devices and transparency. In this paper, we suggest a new concept of
haptic actuator with the use of cellulose EAPap. Its performance is evaluated depending on various actuation conditions.
As a result, cellulose electrostatic force actuator shows a large output displacement and fast response, which is suitable
for mobile haptic devices.
KEYWORDS: Detection and tracking algorithms, Image segmentation, Motion estimation, Computer simulations, Cameras, Mendelevium, Image processing algorithms and systems, Digital filtering, Digital signal processing, Photomasks
In this paper, we propose a novel moving target extraction algorithm for selective coding which does discriminately encode target from the background region in a general tactical scene. Our algorithm has 4 stages. In the first stage, we perform global motion estimation and compensation. In the next stage, we segment the motion vector field using region growing technique. After that, we calculate the change detection mask which is a set of changed regions. Finally, we extract the moving target(s) by using the motion segmentation information and the change detection mask obtained from the previous stages. Simulation results show that our algorithm has better results than the existing methods for tactical scenes.
MASF (Motion Adaptive Spatial Filter) is a kind of temporal filter proposed for noise reduction and temporal band limitation. MASF uses motion vectors to extract the temporal information in spatial domain. Therefore, inaccurate motion information causes some distortions in MASF operation. In order to decrease the distortions, motion correcting techniques are required. In this paper, we analyze the effect of motion estimation error on MASF and propose a motion estimation scheme including motion correction and quantization for MASF. Experimental results show that by using the proposed scheme considerable amounts of distortions are eliminated.
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