Conventional double-grating monochromators used in pure rotational Raman (PRR) temperature LIDAR usually adopt the Littrow configuration to separate backscattered PRR lines. A mirror is added to this configuration, thereby producing the Littman configuration. The dispersion of the modified configuration is greater than thrice that of the Littrow configuration for incident angles larger than 60 deg. A spectroscopy system with a linear dispersion better than 0.9 mm / nm is designed for the 532-nm excitation laser wavelength, and the selected N2 PRR lines are effectively separated. The overall system is simulated using only off-the-shelf optical components, and the results show that the volume is smaller than 240 × 200 × 80 mm3.
We have designed and demonstrated an all-fiber laser which can switch the operation mode between the pulsed mode and the continuous mode. Under the pulsed operation mode, the maximum output pulse energy is measured to be 120 μJ with a pulse width of 400 ns. The pulse width is continuously adjustable between 100 ns and 600 ns. Under continuous operation mode, the maximum output power is 2 W. Switching between these two operation modes can be done with simple instructions within several milliseconds. Large-mode-area (LMA) fiber amplifiers are adopted to support the high peak power. The LMA fiber amplifiers are coiled in a circle with a diameter of 25 cm and the high order transverse mode are suppressed by the bending loss. The M squared factors of the designed laser are 1.204 on x-axis and 1.293 on y-axis. This laser is optimized for coherent Doppler lidar system that can detect at both the near (within several tens of meters) and far distance (more than a dozen kilometers).
In this paper, the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technology is utilized for rapid assessment of the purity of quartz glass, especially for the screening of high-purity quartz glass. A 355 nm laser was applied as excitation source to induce the fluorescence signal of the quartz glass samples. The fluorescence signal is then transmitted to the spectrometer through an optical fiber for spectral acquisition. Because only the impurities in quartz glass induce fluorescence, purity quartz glasses does not have a distinct fluorescence signals or fluorescence peaks. The purity evaluation of high-purity quartz glass can be achieved by analyzing the obtained signals. The standard deviation and the ratio of the maximum to minimum values of the signals were calculated to indicate the intensity of the fluorescent peak of the signal. The thresholds were then set to distinguish between high-purity and low-purity quartz glasses. The method has the advantages of high speed, high precision and high reliability, and is of great significance for the rapid screening of quartz glass with high purity requirements.
A lidar based on UV laser is developed to observe air quality in Beijing. The initial laser wavelength is 1064 nm, and an emission wavelength of 355 nm is obtained after the second-harmonic generation and third-harmonic generation. The output energy is 30 mJ/pulse, and the pulse width is 7 ns. Echo signals are collected by a 304.8 mm diameter Newtonian telescope. With high-power ultraviolet laser excitation, the intensity of atmospheric pollutants is studied by the laserinduced fluorescence (LIF). The Mie scattering is detected simultaneously and both signals are detected by the photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The system is calibrated by a series of experiments. The aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved by Mie signal from this system agrees well with that from another lidar with a laser wavelength of 532 nm. The fluorescence efficiency of atmospheric pollutants are obtained by calculating the fluorescence-to-Mie ratio (FMR). The time and spatial resolution of the system are 5 s and 7.5 m, respectively. The continuous change of air quality over a period of time is studied by the mean value of FMR. Many observations are carried out under different air quality conditions, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the results of the ground observation station. In summary, this method based on UV laser is feasible in the field of atmospheric remote sensing and have potential applications in the field of air quality monitoring.
In order to improve the remote target detection ability of infrared (IR) images effectively, an infrared telephoto objective for 3μm~5μm and 8μm~12μm dual wave-band is designed for 640 pixel×512 pixel infrared CCD detector. The effects of the surrounding environmental temperature are analyzed and the refractive diffractive hybrid thermal compensation is discussed. The focal length of the system is 200mm, the relative aperture is 1:2.2 and the field of view is 7°. The infrared dual band telephoto system with small volume and compact structure is designed in a large range of temperature. The system is composed of four lenses with only three materials of zinc sulfide, zinc selenide and germanium to compensate for the temperature. The image quality of the system is evaluated by ZEMAX optical design software. The results show that the modulation transfer function (MTF) for each field of view at cut-off frequency of 17 lp/mm are respectively greater than 0.6 and 0.4 which approaches the diffraction limit. The telephoto objective has favorable performance at the working temperature of -40°C~+60°C. The relative aperture, field of view, and focal length are same for both spectral regions. The system meets the requirements of technical specification.
This paper presented a multi-scale progressive registration method of airborne LiDAR data with aerial image. The cores of the proposed method lie in the coarse registration with road networks and the fine registration method using regularized building corners. During the two-stage registration, the exterior orientation parameters (EOP) are continually refined. By validation of the actual flight data of Dunhuang, the experimental result shows that the proposed method can obtain accurate results with low-precision initial EOP, also improve the automatic degree of registration.
The spectral broadening by Rayleigh backscattering can cause large changes in water vapor echo signals, causing errors when the water vapor concentration is inversed by differential absorption lidar (DIAL). A correction algorithm is proposed to revise the errors due to the effect of laser spectral broadening. The relative errors of water vapor are calculated in cases of different aerosol distribution and temperature changes before and after correction. The results show that measurement errors due to the Doppler broadening are more than 5% before correction and a 2% measurement error after corrected for the case of a smooth, background aerosol distribution. However, due to the high aerosol gradients and strong temperature inversion, errors can be up to 40% and 10% with no corrections for this effect, respectively. The relative errors can reduce to less than 2% after correction. Hence, the correction algorithm for Rayleigh Doppler broadening can improve detection accuracy in H2O DIAL measurements especially when it is applied to high aerosol concentration or strong temperature inversion.
Food safety, especially edible oils, has attracted more and more attention recently. Many methods and instruments have emerged to detect the edible oils, which include oils classification and adulteration. It is well known than the adulteration is based on classification. Then, in this paper, a portable detection system, based on laser induced fluorescence, is proposed and designed to classify the various edible oils, including (olive, rapeseed, walnut, peanut, linseed, sunflower, corn oils). 532 nm laser modules are used in this equipment. Then, all the components are assembled into a module (100*100*25mm). A total of 700 sets of fluorescence data (100 sets of each type oil) are collected. In order to classify different edible oils, principle components analysis and support vector machine have been employed in the data analysis. The training set consisted of 560 sets of data (80 sets of each oil) and the test set consisted of 140 sets of data (20 sets of each oil). The recognition rate is up to 99%, which demonstrates the reliability of this potable system. With nonintrusive and no sample preparation characteristic, the potable system can be effectively applied for food detection.
In recent years, lidar system has become a very successful tool in environmental exploration and remote sensing of the atmosphere. However, geometric form factor, which is inherently determined by the lidar structure, restricts the accuracy of the lidar data at nearby distances. In order to get the effective atmospheric parameter information close to the ground from lidar system, it is essential to obtain its geometric form factor. The ratio of the energy received by the photo detector to the energy reached the telescope primary mirror is defined as geometric form factor, which is affected by three facts. First, the overlap of the transmitted beam with the receiver system is often incomplete, so only a part of the return signal goes into the receiving telescope. Second, the backscattering signals from small and medium distances can not be focused well on the focal plane, so only part of them can be sensed by the detector. Third, the obstruction of the secondary mirror can also increase the light loss. By analyzing these three facts, we described a geometric optical calculative method for determining the geometrical form factor in a Cassegrain telescope system. By reviewing the structure of the coaxial and biaxial transmitter and receiver system, and considering the above three reasons, a simple model is applied to demonstrate the image formation of a circular object of diameter G positioned a distance R close to a lidar detection unit. Then the position between the illumination e of the focal plane and telescope aperture s is discussed, and a function to describe the geometrical form factor can thus be derived in both coaxial and non-coaxial lidar cases. Finally, two different lidar systems are compared with simulation method in order to validate the proposed model.
Airborne LiDAR, as a precise and fast earth’s surface three-dimensional (3D) measuring method, has been widely used in the past decades. It provides a new approach for acquiring road information. By analyzing the characteristics of LiDAR datasets as well as that of the road in the datasets, a morphological method has been proposed to automatically extract the road from airborne LiDAR datasets. Firstly, ground points are segmented from raw LiDAR data by morphological operations. The key factor in this process is how to select the window sizes in different scale spaces, and setting the elevation threshold to prevent over-segmentation in each scale space. Secondly, candidate road points are segmented from the ground points, which are obtained from previous step, by intensity constraint, local point density and region area constraint, and so on. Thirdly, morphological opening operation and closing operation were used to process the candidate road points segmented from above steps. The opening operation may effectively filter the noise areas, and greatly maintain the road detail. The closing operation may fill the small holes within the road, connecting nearby roads, and smoothing the road boundary, without signification area change. The main road can be extracted from the raw airborne LiDAR points by previous three steps. Finally, the proposed method has been verified by LiDAR data which consists of complex road networks. The result shows that the proposed method can automatically extract road from airborne LiDAR data with higher efficiency and precision.
A set of Raman spectrum measurement system, essentially a Raman spectrometer, has been independently designed and accomplished by our research group. This system adopts tiled-grating structure, namely two 50mm × 50mm holographic gratings are tiled to form a big spectral grating. It not only improves the resolution but also reduces the cost. This article outlines the Raman spectroscopy system’s composition structure and performance parameters. Then corresponding resolutions of the instrument under different criterions are deduced through experiments and data fitting. The result shows that the system’s minimum resolution is up to 0.02nm, equivalent to 0.5cm-1 wavenumber under Rayleigh criterion; and it will be up to 0.007nm, equivalent to 0.19cm-1 wavenumber under Sparrow criterion. Then Raman spectra of CCl4 and alcohol have been obtained by the spectrometer, which agreed with the standard spectrum respectively very well. Finally, we measured the spectra of the alcohol solutions with different concentrations and extracted the intensity of characteristic peaks from smoothed spectra. Linear fitting between intensity of characteristic peaks and alcohol solution concentrations has been made. And the linear correlation coefficient is 0.96.
Based on Mie scattering theory, this paper introduces the basic principle of aerosol light scattering and the basic calculation method of the polarization characteristics of scattering light. The spherical aerosol model is widely applied for the convenient and simple theoretic calculation, using the scattering theory by introducing the scattering amplitude matrix to combine incident radiation with scattering light. In scattering theory, aerosol extinction parameter has very important role for improving the precision of the laser radar, remote sensing detection and so on. We have mainly discussed the relationship between the spherical particle radius and extinction coefficient, and relationship between refractive index of the particles and extinction coefficient, respectively. It is concluded that extinction coefficient as a function of particles’ radius gradually oscillate approaching to 2 with the increasing of particle radius, and extinction coefficient curves as a function of refraction index have completely symmetric. The first major maximum of extinction coefficient also has obvious changes with different particles radius or refractive index.
The pure rotational Raman lidar temperature measurement system is usually used for retrieval of atmospheric temperature according to the echo signal ratio of high and low-level quantum numbers of N2 molecules which are consistent with the exponential relationship. An effective method to detect the rotational Raman spectrum is taking a double grating monochromator. In this paper the detection principle and the structure of the dual-grating monochromator are described, with analysis of rotational Raman’s Stokes and anti-Stokes spectrums of N2 molecule, the high order and lower order quantum number of the probe spectrum are resolved, then the specific design parameters are presented. Subsequently spectral effect is simulated with Zemax software. The simulation result indicates that under the condition of the probe laser wavelength of 532nm and using double-grating spectrometer which is comprised by two blazed gratings, Raman spectrums of 529.05nm, 530.40nm, 533.77nm, 535.13nm can be separated well, and double-grating monochromator has high diffraction efficiency.
In order to accomplish recognition of the different edible oil we set up a laser induced fluorescence spectrum system in the laboratory based on Laser induced fluorescence spectrum technology, and then collect the fluorescence spectrum of different edible oil by using that system. Based on this, we set up a fluorescence spectrum database of different cooking oil. It is clear that there are three main peak position of different edible oil from fluorescence spectrum chart. Although the peak positions of all cooking oil were almost the same, the relative intensity of different edible oils was totally different. So it could easily accomplish that oil recognition could take advantage of the difference of relative intensity. Feature invariants were extracted from the spectrum data, which were chosen from the fluorescence spectrum database randomly, before distinguishing different cooking oil. Then back propagation (BP) neural network was established and trained by the chosen data from the spectrum database. On that basis real experiment data was identified by BP neural network. It was found that the overall recognition rate could reach as high as 83.2%. Experiments showed that the laser induced fluorescence spectrum of different cooking oil was very different from each other, which could be used to accomplish the oil recognition. Laser induced fluorescence spectrum technology, combined BP neural network,was fast, high sensitivity, non-contact, and high recognition rate. It could become a new technique to accomplish the edible oil recognition and quality detection.
By assuming that the light coupled into a single-mode fiber is monochromatic generated by the diffused far field ,
employing the lens coupling theory and van Cittert-Zernike theorem,we obtain the general expressions of the coupling
efficiency of an optical fiber. This subject focuses on the analysis that the incident light is plane wave; we obtain the F
number of coupling lens, which provides the theory support for the design of the coupling lens, corresponding to the
optimum coupling efficiency. Fiber coupling efficiency is not only related to the mode matching of incident light and the
fiber; the optical axis, the symmetrical axis of lens and the fiber center line misalignment also affect. Simulation results
of misalignment errors show that the defocus alignment has little effect on the coupling efficiency, while the effect of
both lateral alignment error and angle offset on the coupling efficiency is relatively large.
In the process of global climate change and weather forecast, the cloud is an important parameter. The complex
change mechanics among different phases of cloud and the dramatical changes in its time and space dimension results
that cloud is the variance that's the most difficult to describe among the metrology elements. In the future of cloud and
radiation parameterization scheme, the introduction of detailed micro-physical processes is an essential development,
therefore, it's very important to research the cloud parameters.
This paper uses Micropulse Lidar (MPL) to discriminate cloud ice/water phase. MPL systems provide continuous,
autonomous observation of nearly all significant atmospheric clouds and aerosols. Being compact in structure and with
eye-safe transmitted radiation, the systems proved reliable in a number of experiments both at home and abroad. MPL
primarily use depolarization ratio to classify cloud phase as ice or water, the transmitted lidar beam is nearly 100%
linearly polarized. Depolarization of the return signal from the molecular atmosphere is about 0.35% due to narrow
optical bandwidth of the receiver which blocks most of the highly polarized Stokes and anti-Stokes lines. It is well
known that backscattering from ice crystals results in appreciable signal in a polarization plane perpendicular to the
plane of the transmitted lidar beam. Depolarization from ice crystals depends on crystals shape and aspect ratio and is
typically in the range of 30%-50%. In contrast, backscattering from spherical water droplets preserves the polarization of
the incident light.
This article suggests the use of a cross-layer constraint (CLC), originated from the intrinsic relation between time slices
of range-gated imaging Lidar, to facilitate the three-dimension contour reconstruction of the target. By using this
physical-based method, both the effect of range ambiguity in the raw data and the dependence on the empirical image
processing can be reduced, even when the Lidar system is operated on defocused state. Three outdoor scenes are fully
studied to demonstrate the validity of CLC method, by using the data released by the push-broom range-gated imaging
Lidar system newly developed for wide area depth mapping.
3D detection is an important application of Lidar. A 3D range imaging Lidar system is presented in this paper. The
longitudinal resolution of 3D range imaging Lidar is poor because of the length of pulse width and gate time of ICCD,
which together determine the detected longitudinal range from a single laser pulse shot. To improve the longitudinal
resolution, power distribution received by one pixel of ICCD is analyzed, and a method is put forward. In this method,
by setting the gate time and step interval of delay time to the value of pulse width, one object will be detected in two
neighboring images, and it can be precisely located through analysis of the pixel values in the two images. The locating
precision of this method is verified by experiments, and results show that the longitudinal resolution is improved by ten
times, that is from 1.65m to about 0.15m. Meanwhile, the detection efficiency is reduced only a little.
A wedge-shaped probe is developed and applied for the detection of transient electrical signals in an ultrafast scanning
tunneling microscope measurement system. The probe is composed of a low- temperature grown GaAs photoconductive
switch and a metal tip with a diameter of 5 micrometers. The designed probe functions as a sampler of transient signals
generated by a sample of coplanar strip photoconductive switch with ultrafast optical pulses of 100 fs in the ultrafast
measurement system. The shape of the probe makes the approach of the probe to the sample in a way that is much easier
than the traditional rectangular one. The metal tip is attached to the coplanar strip transmission line integrated in the
photoconductive switch. The design of the probe is presented and its performances have been reported in this paper.
Photo of the wedge-shaped probe is given and transient signals in picoseconds were observed in contact mode with the
developed wedge-shaped probe.
A color image database of different scenes under several fixed illuminants is constructed in this paper. It contains images
for 45 scenes captured under illumination of various color, lightness. Some analysis based on the database are described
to find the relationship between chromatic/lightness distribution of images under different illumination. Indexes as
overall mean and SD are introduced, which are reasonable to evaluate image lightness and contrast coordinating to
visually representation. In order to objectively assess the influence of illuminant color to images, investigation on
lαβand r-g chromatic map are explored. An improved hue correlation method is proposed based on , α βmean/SD
statistical analysis, which shows excellent color constancy performance on CPVO measurement. The CPVO
measurement is also established on r-g chromatic peak offset tests in this paper.
Tracking by foreground matching heavily depends on the appearance model to establish object correspondences among
frames and essentially, the appearance model should encode both the difference part between the object and background
to guarantee the robustness and the stable part to ensure tracking consistency. This paper provides a solution for online
maintaining appearance models by adjusting features in the model. Object appearance is co-modeled by a subset of Haar
features selected from the over-complete feature dictionary which encodes the discriminative part of object appearance
and the color histogram which describes the stable appearance. During the particle filtering process, feature values both
from background patches and object observations are sampled efficiently by the aid of "foreground" and "background"
particles respectively. Based on these sampled values, top-ranked discriminative features are added and invalid features
are removed out to ensure the object being distinguishable from current background according to the evolving
appearance model. The tracker based on this online appearance model maintaining technique has been tested on people
and car tracking tasks and promising experimental results are obtained.
Realistic image rendition, concerning on color constancy and lightness, is usually qualified by subjective evaluation,
involving uncertainly psychophysical course. Whether common objective image quality metrics can be adopted to
evaluate the rendition results is studied in this paper. Several common objective image quality metrics such as RMES,
PSNR, and a newly universal one named Q metric are introduced. Experiments show that it's applicable to take images
under standard lighting conditions (e.g. D65) as reference images, which is necessary for objective assessment.
Experiment results confirm that introduced objective image quality metrics can help to evaluate the lightness and color
constancy ability of images, in case of taking images under standard lights as reference images.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.