It is impossible to print glass directly from a melt, layer by layer. Glass is not only very sensitive to temperature gradients between different layers but also to the cooling process. To achieve a glass state the melt, has to be cooled rapidly to avoid crystallization of the material and then annealed to remove cooling induced stress. In 3D-printing of glass the objects are shaped at room temperature and then fired. The material properties of the final objects are crucially dependent on the frit size of the glass powder used during shaping, the chemical formula of the binder and the firing procedure. For frit sizes below 250 μm, we seem to find a constant volume of pores of less than 5%. Decreasing frit size leads to an increase in the number of pores which then leads to an increase of opacity. The two different binders, 2- hydroxyethyl cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, generate very different porosities. The porosity of samples with 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose is similar to frit-only samples, whereas carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt creates a glass foam. The surface finish is determined by the material the glass comes into contact with during firing.
We discuss several representation techniques of motion pictures on television with respect to a possible repression of parallactic depth cues and an accentuation of the monocular cues. Different viewing aids which promote this intention are presented.
Since the invention of stereoscopy (WHEATSTONE 1838) reasons for and
against 3-dimensional images have occupied the literature, but there has never been much doubt about the preference of autostereoscopic systems showing a scene which is 3-dimensional and true to life from all sides (perfect 3-dimensional image, HESSE 1939), especially since most stereoscopic movies of the past show serious imperfections with respect to image quality and technical operation. Leave aside that no convincing perfect 3D-TV-system is in sight, there are properties f the stereoscopic movie which are advantageous to certain representations on TV and important for the 3-dimensional motion picture. In this paper we investigate the influence of apparent motions of 3-dimensional images and classify the different projection systems with respect to presence and absence of these spectacular illusions. Apparent motions bring dramatic effects into stereoscopic movies which cannot be created with perfect 3-dimensional systems. In this study we describe their applications and limits for television.
One challenge to the electrical engineer consists in remodelling and
solving Maxwell's equations in the complicated boundary conditions of
a real optical waveguide. Much progress has been reported in this field
and was embodied in the design and manufacture of advanced optical fibers,
but the obscure process of obtaining these great results makes it desirable
to find more obvious and simpler ways of getting insight intO the behaviour
of light in the confined geometry of a fiber. In this paper we use the
concept of topological phases to estimate the phase shift of the light
wave due to winding of the optical fiber in a cable.
Conference Committee Involvement (1)
Measuring, Modeling, and Reproducing Material Appearance
3 February 2014 | San Francisco, California, United States
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