Nonlinear optical microcavity structures within GaN meta-surfaces monolithically integrated with ZnO nanoantennae form an ideal platform for realizing tunable nanophotonic sources and directional emitters. Highly efficient second harmonic generation (SHG) is demonstrated from GaN micro-pyramids selectively grown on a wafer-scale substrate to form a meta-surface with ZnO nanoantennae at the tip of each pyramid. The nonlinear light generation from this cavity-based antenna depends on the relative competition of the second and third-order nonlinear process. The selective excitation of a single nanoantenna within the meta-structure can control the nonlinear light generation process. The energy density and frequency of the excitation source compared to the semiconductor's bandgap influences the coherent scattering and directionality of the emission process from the excitation of the meta-structure. The efficiency and directionality of the SHG signal depend on the localized spatial excitation of the ZnO nanorod and GaN micro-pyramid.
Nonlinear optical properties of coaxial InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQWs) submicron hetero-structures were
investigated using a tunable femtosecond laser at room temperature. Co-axial InGaN/GaN MQW hetero-structures were
fabricated by depositing InGaN/GaN layers on the side walls of GaN submicron tubes on top of GaN micro-pyramids.
Excitation and signal collection from a single micro-structure was achieved using multi-photon spectroscopy. Two
photon excited photoluminescence (TPEL) was observed at around 390 nm independent of excitation wavelength. In
addition to TPEL, observation of second harmonic signal of the excitation laser is also presented.
We investigated the potential for using polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices in a biological assay to explore the cellular stress response (CSR) associated with hyperthermia induced by exposure to laser radiation. In vitro studies of laser-tissue interaction traditionally involved exposing a monolayer of cells. Given the heating-cooling dynamics of the cells and nutrient medium, this technique produces a characteristic “bulls-eye” temperature history that plagues downstream molecular analyses due to the nonuniform thermal experience of exposed cells. To circumvent this issue, we devised an approach to deliver single cells to the laser beam using a microfluidic channel, allowing homogeneous irradiation and collection of sufficient like-treated cells to measure changes in CSR after laser heating. To test this approach, we irradiated Jurkat-T cells with a 2-μm-wavelength laser in one branch of a 100-μm-wide bifurcated channel while unexposed control cells were simultaneously passing through the other, identical channel. Cell viability was measured using vital dyes, and expression of HSPA1A was measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The laser damage threshold was 25±2 J/cm 2 , and we found a twofold increase in expression at that exposure. This approach may be employed to examine transcriptome-wide/proteome changes and further comparative work across stressors and cell types.
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