KEYWORDS: Medical imaging, Tissues, Bone, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Diagnostics, Image segmentation, Visualization, Human vision and color perception, Image analysis
We suggest a method for visualizing minor changes in a medical image. Human vision has natural resolution limitations. Monitoring and analysis of minor changes in the medical image off-limits to human vision allows to draw the doctor's attention to possible problems and helps in disease diagnostics. To monitor the changes in the medical image, we used its transformation based on the solution of a special case of the knapsack problem. Transformation of the medical image allows to capture changes in a digital image with an accuracy of one pixel. The transformed medical image is adapted for the perception of human vision. One-pixel changes in the image are well captured by an untrained operator. Testing the method of the transformed medical image on X-ray images of the temporomandibular joint showed the following: the transformed images of fragments of healthy bone tissue on different parts of the jaw have similar shape and approximately the same color scheme. The shape of the transformed image of bone tissue after treatment is similar to the transformed image of healthy bone tissue. The shape and color scheme of the transformed image of diseased bone tissue do not match the shape and color of the transformed image of healthy bone tissue and the transformed image of bone tissue after treatment. Therewith, relatively small transformed image files can be used for preliminary remote diagnostics. The full files shall be transferred only if the doctor detects particular deviations from the norm on the transformed images. The proposed method of the medical image transformation can be used for remote detection of diseases and in other areas of medicine.
The configurations of rays passing through the axicon are considered, which take into account the presence of both reflected and refracted rays at the boundary of the media. This is important for such values of the angle at the apex of the axicon, when the Fresnel coefficient for the reflected beam is greater than for the refracted one. The passage of rays through the semi-axicon is also considered. An example of quantitative calculation is given, showing that this effect allows forming two divergent conical beams having comparable amplitude at once.
In this work, an influential approach has been presented for the fabrication of an interference filter. The construction of such filters turns the layer stack assembly on its one side which makes it possible to use air as a low index material. All the layers of a particular material (high index) are deposited at the same time which transforms the layer thickness into line thickness and is obtained by patterning the filters using photolithography. This results in the formation of a complex filter design with high volume and low production cost.
We describe mathematical tools that enable the reflection of light at a diffraction grating applied on a freeform surface to be modeled. To address the problem, we use an analog of the Kirchhoff's method. By way of illustration, reflection at a diffraction grating applied on a spherical surface is analyzed. To enable the modeling of such systems, the software was developed and numerical study was conducted. The feasibility to generalize the results onto freeform diffractive optical elements is studied.
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