Spark energy is one of the most important indicators for evaluating the performance of electric ignition systems. The development of electric ignition systems requires accurate measurement of spark energy to optimize system design parameters.The traditional oscilloscope test method calculates the spark energy by measuring the discharge electric energy. There is a serious energy conversion error, and the accurate measurement of spark energy cannot be realized. In this paper, based on radiation energy detection, a new method for direct measuring spark energy is reported. The multiband photodetector is used to conduct spatial sampling and spectral integration of the spark radiation energy. Then, using the high-speed response capability of the photodetector, high-precision measurement of spark energy is achieved by combining the time domain waveform of the spark pulse with the time integration of the spark radiation power. The experimental system can sample the spark radiant energy in 200nm~12,000nm spectral range by using 12 photodetectors, which is divided into four wavebands, and realize the direct test output of spark energy. The energy testing results show that the precision and stability of spark energy measurement are better than 5%. On the one hand, the method utilizes photodetectors to detect the radiation energy produced by electrical sparks and directly obtain the spark energy without requiring conversion between different forms of energy. Therefore, this approach offers higher measurement accuracy. On the other hand, the method takes advantage of the natural electromagnetic interference immunity of optical measurement techniques, which can effectively address the issue of strong electromagnetic interference caused by the electrical ignition system in oscilloscope methods. This can prevent distorted test results and ensure the ability to complete normal tests. Further studies show that the method can be used for accurate measurement of spark energy.
This paper proposed a method of optical fiber gas sensing which based on the detection of sensitive phase of light wave combined with organic polymers, simultaneously, the experimental verification was given. We found that the refractive index of the organic polymer will change accompanied with the change of concentrations of acid gases that act with the organic polymer. So, we put the organic polymer film into the optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity and analyze the spectral characteristics of the output of the optical fiber F-P cavity, then, we realize the hydrogen sulfide gas sensing. Experimental results show that the refractive index of organic polymer decreasing when the concentration of the gas under the test is increasing. At low concentration, a system resolution record of 3.0455 ~ 4.7777 × 10−5m/%VOL is obtained, phase sensitivity is found to be 1.94 ×102 rad/%VOL and concentration resolution is found to be 5.15 x 10-3ppm. Through this test, we proved the possibility by using organic polymer to realize the sensing of gas. In general, this scheme can be applied to high-precision measurement of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other gases in the petrochemical field.
The polarization maintaining fiber has been playing an important role in the fields of optical fiber sensing, communication, and so on. The beat length is one of the main parameters of polarization maintaining fiber, and it usually represents its polarization maintaining performance. In this paper, the beat length variation of Panda fiber with external force is investigated. The simulation results indicate that the beat length variation was determined both by the external force value F and the angle θ between the external force direction and the slow axis of Panda fiber. When F is a constant, the beat length of polarization maintaining fiber is changed in sinusoidal form whose various cycle is π with the variation of θ. Meanwhile, the minimum and maximum values of beat length will be obtained when the angles are even multiple of π/2 or odd multiple of π/2, respectively. When θ is a constant, the beat length is changed in linear form with the increasing of external force value. Finally, the experimental system of beat length measurement based on Sagnac interferometer loop is illustrated, and the result shows an excellent agreement with the theoretical analysis.
We present a landslide monitoring approach using a high-resolution distributed fiber stress sensor based on polarizationsensitive
optical frequency reflectometry (P-OFDR) technology. The sensing system consists of a polarizationmaintaining
(PM) fiber and an OFDR with a high spatial resolution. The PM fiber is used as a distributed sensing
element. The OFDR is used to measure the polarization mode coupling loss in PM fiber causing by the external pressure
along the PM fiber. With the advantages of frequency domain technique and coherent detection, the sensing system can
achieve high spatial resolution, high sensitivity and large dynamic range. By monitoring the mechanical property
distribution and variations in the landslide body, the occurrence of the landslides can be predicted accurately. We
demonstrate an early landslide warning system based on polarization-sensitive distributed fiber stress sensor, which has a
spatial resolution of 5cm, dynamic range of about 70dB and theoretical measuring range of 10km. The warning system is
also investigated experimentally in the field trial.
We first proposed and demonstrated a distributed fiber sensor with high spatial resolution for detecting and locating
distributed stress. The sensor system consists of a section polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) and an optical frequency
domain reflectometry (OFDR). The PMF used as sensing element and the polarization mode coupling loss in PM fiber
resulting from the external stress would produce. Through monitoring the backscattered light with the distributed
polarization mode coupling loss along the PMF under test, the distributed fiber optic stress sensor based on polarizationsensitive
OFDR (P-OFDR) was obtained. In our experiment, a tunable single frequency fiber ring laser with narrow
linewidth was developed to act as scanning frequency light source, and then the P-OFDR system was structured. The
fiber laser and the distributed fiber sensor system have been investigated experimentally in detail. The experimental
results show that its spatial resolution is about 5cm, the sensitivity is less than -80dBm and the maximum dynamic range
are about 70dB. With advantages of high spatial resolution, high sensitivity and large dynamic range due to extremely
narrow linewidth and heterodyne detection, this distributed fiber optic stress sensor has a number of potential
applications for smart structure, structural health monitoring, defense and security monitoring.
A novel method of narrow line-width Er3+-doped fiber ring laser based on FBG F-P etalon and FBG Sagnac loop is
presented in this paper. The all-fiber single frequency and narrow line-width Er3+-doped fiber ring laser has been
designed in which two 976 nm laser diodes are used as the pump sources, the high concentration Er3+-doped fiber as the
gain medium, the fiber Faraday rotator is adopted to eliminate the spatial hole burning effect, the FBG F-P etalon and
FBG Sagnac loop filter can discriminate and select laser longitudinal modes efficiently. The experiment system using 3m
long Er3+-doped fibers is presented, when the maximum pump power of two 976nm laser diodes is 146mW, the fiber
laser exhibits 16mW threshold and stable single frequency 1550nm laser with the output powers of 45mW is acquired,
and the slope efficiency is about 34.6%. The 3dB line-width is less than 9.3 kHz, measured by the delayed selfheterodyne
method with 15km single-mode fiber, and no mode hopping is observed. The fiber laser has the advantages
of simple structure, high efficiency and high reliability and it has great potential applications in the fields of optical fiber
sensing system.
Narrow linewidth fiber lasers have become more and more necessary in field of coherent communication, fiber optic
sensor, and high resolutions optical spectrum analysis, especially long-range distributed fiber sensing system. In this
paper, a simple and stable narrow linewidth Er3+ -doped ring fiber laser is first proposed and experimentally
demonstrated. In the cavity, a passive fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot (FBG F-P) etalon acts as mode-selecting device to
greatly reduce the longitudinal-mode density, while a section un-pumped Er3+ -doped fiber serves as a saturable absorber
to ensure the single longitudinal-mode (SLM) operation. Meanwhile the stability of lasing frequency is further improved
by controlling the temperature of the FBG F-P, and then through varying the temperature the lasing wavelength tuning is
achieved also. Finally stable SLM laser at 1550nm with linewidth about 7.5 kHz, maximum output power 39 mW and
the corresponding slope efficiency 30% is acquired.
An optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on the measuring principle of surface plasma resonance is introduced. The
structure of the hydrogen-sensitive head which is coated with Pd-Ag alloy film on the surface of the etched optical fiber
is investigated theoretically. When hydrogen gas is absorbed into the Pd thin layer of the sensing head, the Pd hydride is
formed and then the refraction index of the etched optical fiber surface will be changed with different hydrogen gas
concentration. The surface plasma wave is stimulated by the light wave in optical fiber and the surface plasma resonance
occurs between the thin metal layer and the medium surface of hydrogen gas. The Pd-Ag alloy film thickness versus the
sensitivity of hydrogen sensing head is analyzed and optimized via the numerical method. The sensing head which is
based on surface plasma resonance is manufactured and used in the experiment system of hydrogen gas detecting, and
the experiment results demonstrate that the detecting system has high sensitivity with the hydrogen concentration in the
range of 0%-4%, the accuracy, resolution and response time are respectively 5%, 0.1% and 30s. This sensor structure can
be applied to detecting the low concentration of hydrogen gas.
How to determine the parameters of thin film precisely and rapidly becomes more and more important. In this paper, a
new method based on reflectance spectrum combining complex-shape method to determine multi parameters of thin film
simultaneously by dwindling the polyhedron is first presented. On the one hand, this new method fix out the problem of
multiple solutions well. On the other hand, for there is no dependence on interferential spectrum and transparent area, the
method can be applied to diverse sorts of reflectance spectrum with a fast speed, nice convergence, and high precision. In
the meantime, the metrology system based on this method is built up and measured experiment for standard thin film
sample is implemented also. Comparing the measured results to the standard values of the standard thin film sample, the
results show that the error degree is about ± 3%. The experimental results prove this method has a nice application
value.
In this paper, an early warning monitoring system for landslides, based on high spatial resolution distributed fiber optic
stress sensing and monitoring the intra-stress distribution and changes in landslide bodies, was first presented. The
principle of distributed fiber optic stress sensing and the monitoring method for landslides were described in detail.
Through measuring the distributed polarization mode coupling in the polarization-maintaining fiber, the distributed fiber
stress sensor with stress measuring range 0-15Mpa, 10cm spatial resolutions and measuring range 0.5km, was designed.
The warning system was investigated in detail through the field test also.
A novel method for direct optical detection of spontaneous Brillouin scattering in optical fiber by using a fiber Bragg
grating (FBG) Sagnac loop is introduced. The transmission character as an optical filter of FBG Sagnac loop is
investigated theoretically. The filter which is based on an asymmetric grating Sagnac loop is manufactured and used in
the measurement of spontaneous Brillouin scattering sensing system, and the separation of backscattered spontaneous
Brillouin from Rayleigh is achieved effectively. It is demonstrated that the fiber grating Sagnac loop filter can be applied
in the distributed sensing system based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering.
As increasing demand for high power short-pulse laser system for scientific and industrial application, sub-10ns high
power pulse fiber lasers attract more and more attentions. In this paper, a hybrid Q-switched Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped high power fiber laser is presented. The Q-switching in this fiber laser is achieved by combining stimulated Brillouin
scattering (SBS) and pulse pumped. On the one hand, through self-Q-switching operation due to SBS in the cavity, the
Q-switched fiber laser can produce pulse duration below 10ns. On the other hand, the repetition rate of output optical
pulses is dominated by the repetition rate of pumping pulses. With this method, a Q-switched Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fiber
laser with high power and sub-10ns is obtained. The characteristics of the presented laser have been investigated
theoretically and experimentally in detail. The experimental results show that the emitted pulse duration is as short as
4ns, the maximum pulse peak power is greater than 10kW and the repetition rate of output optical pulses can be varied
from 0Hz to 5kHz.
To obtain higher pulse energy and pulse peak power of Q-switched fiber lasers, the length of amplifying fiber should be
optimized properly. In this paper, the optimum length of fiber for maximum pulse energy or maximum pulse peak power
is investigated based on the rate equations of Q-switched fiber lasers. The relationship between the optimum fiber length
and the output coupler reflectivity is got by using the mathematical technique of Lagrange multipliers and numerical
analysis. As a result, output pulse energy and pulse peak power can be expressed as functions of the fiber length,
multiplied by a few simple constants. The results show that, at given pump power level and round-trip parasitic loss,
there is a demarcation of output coupler reflectivity which is inversely proportional to the round-trip parasitic loss
coefficient. Fiber length should be optimized to achieve maximum pulse energy when the output coupler reflectivity is
less than the demarcative reflectivity, and on the contrary, it should be optimized to yield maximum pulse peak power.
This work is motivated by the need to ultra-short optical pulses for realizing OTDM/WDM. As an attractive ultra-short pulse source, the mode-locked fiber laser attracts more and more attentions. In this paper, we proposed a novel method to design passively mode-locked fiber laser by combining lumped-gain amplification and high output couple ratio. On the one hand, through using lumped-gain amplifier as the amplifying units in the cavity, the mode-locked fiber laser can effectively reduce the periodic energy fluctuation of intra-cavity and offer a very good suppression to the spectral sidebands. On the other hand, a coupler with high output couple ratio is used in the cavity to enhance the output single-pulse energy. The characteristics of the presented laser have been investigated theoretically and experimentally in detail. With this method, a passively mode-locked Er3+-doped fiber laser with high spectrum quality and high single pulse energy is obtained. The experimental results show that its spectral sidebands suppression ratio is more than 20dB, the maximum average output power is about 18mW and the single pulse energy is about 1.2nJ with pulse-width 200fs at a repetition of 14.2MHz.
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