Despite tremendous progress in biomedical science, the number of reported food-borne diseases continues to rise. Health experts estimate that every year food-borne illnesses in USA cost 86 billion dollars. Obviously, existing antibacterial technologies for microbial control of foods are not enough effective.
Photosensitization is a treatment involving the interaction of the two non-toxic factors, photosensitizer and light, which in the presence of oxygen results in the destruction of the target cell without leakage of harmful by-products in the environment.
According to our results, chlorophyllin (food additive E140) exhibits perfect photosensitizing properties. After excitation with light (405 nm) it inactivates food pathogens, their spores and biofilms, yeasts/microfungi. ROS-induced oxidative stress and following membrane damage was the main reason of photosensitization- based inactivation of microorganisms.
Afterwards we applied photosensitization for microbial control of fresh produce. Obtained results indicate that this treatment significantly (2-3 log CFU/g) reduces microbial load on fruits (strawberries, apricots, plums), vegetables (cauliflower, cucumber, lettuce, basil) and sprouts without thermal effects on food matrix. Moreover, this treatment extended the shelf-life of treated produce by 2-4 days what is economically very important. No reduction of nutritional value (antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content) or organoleptic properties (color, texture, taste) of treated produce has been observed.
In order to decontaminate fresh produce from Gram (+) and Gram (-) pathogens in uniform way, chlorophyllin was conjugated with chitosan. Obtained data reveal that such photoactivated conjugate is very effective against all pathogens and can be applied for coating of fresh produce.
Therefore, a photosensitization phenomenon might open a new avenue for the development of non-thermal, effective and ecologically friendly antimicrobial technology for preservation of fresh produce.
PDT has been a common treatment modality for cancer in the recent years. Compact non-coherent diode based light source has been investigated for their compatibility as a light source for treatments in vitro. The light emitting diode (LED) emitted a peak wave length of 400nm with a half-band width of 40nm. Cell proliferation as function of the LED exposure time was investigated as test for light source compatibility.
In this study the main interest was focused on the to investigation the photodynamic efficacy of hypericin, three other photosensitizers and 5 aminolevulinic acid-induced protopofirin IX in their ability to block the growth of rather aggressive tumor - Ehrlich ascite carcinoma in mice as well as Reh cells in humans (B-leukemia). Hypericin was found to exhibit the highest phototoxicity and antitumor activity in treating Ehrlich ascite carcinoma. The different photosensitizers were ranked as follows: Hypericin > hematoporphyrin dimethyl ether > Photofrin II > meso-tetra (para-sulfophenyl)porphin > 5-aminolevulinic acid. The most important is that just after Hyp-based photodynamic therapy 75% of mice survived a 4 month-period, and no recurrence of tumor within this period was detected in 25% of the treated mice. The clear cut correlation observed between intracellular dye concentration in the tumor cells and efficiency of photodynamic therapy, supports the idea that the intracellular accumulation of the photosensitizer is one of the most important factors in determining the benefit of photodynamic therapy. Hence, the accumulation of the photosensitizer in the tumor cells should be considered as one of the prognostic factors for the determination of the therapeutic outcome. Eventually, one of the most significant result is that hypericin is effective photosensitizer for human B-leukemia cells and induces apoptosis after photosensitization.
Combined treatment of PDT and hyperthermia was examined on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell viability and A22 hepatoma tumor growth inhibition. Histological evaluations of tumors after different treatments have shown tumor necrosis, congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage. The most drastic damages were observed after simultaneous PDT and hyperthermia action. At these experimental conditions tumor growth for 5 days was absolutely inhibited.
According to our previous results porphyrin can interact not only with visible light but with ionizing radiation also. This phenomenon gives us new possibility to combine photosensitization with radiosensitization. Data obtained on BALB/c mice with 7-day Ehrlich ascites tumors pretreated with 30 mg/kg HP dimethylether (not toxic and not mutagenic concentration) and irradiated with 60Co source (2 Gy) and visible light source (5 J/cm2) showed remarkable inhibition of tumor growth. Two Gy alone inhibited Ehrlich ascites tumor growth by 17%, whereas combination of 30 mg/kg HPde and 2 Gy (radiosensitization) -- by 38%. Photosensitization (30 mg/kg HPde plus 5 J/cm2) showed 37% tumor growth inhibition. Combination of photosensitization with radiosensitization inhibited tumor growth by 87%. It is important to note, that sequence of treatments (radiosensitization - 1 h - photosensitization or photosensitization - 1 h - radiosensitization) had no influence on tumor growth inhibition.
Five-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is being used in clinical photodynamic therapy. We have investigated if ALA has any modifying effects on x rays and found that at concentrations more than 1 mM it exerts a slight radiosensitizing effect on WiDr cells in culture.
Efficiency of cell radiosensitization by porphyrins is a function of the irradiation dose, the nature of the cell and physico-chemical properties of the sensitizer. The maximal radio- sensitization for E. ascites tumor cells was reached at 2 Gy, for Saccharomyces cerevisiae- 25Gy. The radiosensitization by different porphyrins in E.ascites tumor cells increases their cytotoxicity by a factor of 3, in Saccharomyces cerevisae --inhibition of growth 0.5 - 2.5 time.
Efficiency of Ehrlich ascites cells radiosensitization by porphyrins is a function of irradiation dose. The maximal radiosensitization was reached at the dose--2Gy. Moreover, efficiency of cell radiosensitization depends on extracellular porphyrins concentration Hematoporphyrin (HP) and hemaporphyrin dimethylether (HPde) have different radiosensitizing effect on cells. One of the reasons of such phenomenon may be the different degree of hydrofobicity of those porphyrins. The studies of intracellular porphyrins concentration show that they differ in the case of HP and HPde in the same order as cell radiosensitization efficiencies.
The new hematoporphyrin derivatives--HpD-1 and dimethoxyhematoporphyrin--DMHp were studied. Their physico-chemical properties, activity in tumor PDT and influence on therapeutic effect of tumor radiation therapy and on toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents were investigated. Hematoporphyrin--Hp was used as control. Data, obtained by absorption spectroscopy, indicated that HpD-1 and DMHp strongly aggregates in aqueous solution and HpD-1 has many covalently bound structures. HpD-1 and DMHp effects in tumor PDT and radiation therapy were studied using 8 species of transplantable tumors. The sensitizers were injected to the animals intraperitoneally in a dosage of 5 - 20 mg/kg. In 48-76 hours after sensitizers were injected, the tumors were irradiated by the pulsed Raman laser pumped by the SHG of YAG:Nd3+ laser. The parameters of this laser system are as follows: the wavelength 630 nm, the pulse duration (tau) equals 1 ns, energy E equals 10 mJ, the repetition rate f equals 10 Hz, average power P equals 100 mW. The goal of our investigation was to attempt to optimize tumor radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.