The wearing degree of the wheel set tread is one of the main factors that influence the safety and stability of running train. Geometrical parameters mainly include flange thickness and flange height. Line structure laser light was projected on the wheel tread surface. The geometrical parameters can be deduced from the profile image. An online image acquisition system was designed based on asynchronous reset of CCD and CUDA parallel processing unit. The image acquisition was fulfilled by hardware interrupt mode. A high efficiency parallel segmentation algorithm based on CUDA was proposed. The algorithm firstly divides the image into smaller squares, and extracts the squares of the target by fusion of k_means and STING clustering image segmentation algorithm. Segmentation time is less than 0.97ms. A considerable acceleration ratio compared with the CPU serial calculation was obtained, which greatly improved the real-time image processing capacity. When wheel set was running in a limited speed, the system placed alone railway line can measure the geometrical parameters automatically. The maximum measuring speed is 120km/h.
High-speed image acquisition technology has a great significance to improve the effciency of the workpiece surface quality detection, image quality directly affects the final test results. Aiming at the high-speed image acquisition of workpiece surface quality online detection, a workpiece image high-speed online acquisition method was produced. A high-speed online image acquisition sequence was designed. The quantitative relationship between the positioning accuracy in the high speed online image acquisition, motion blur, exposure time and the speed of workpiece was analyzed. The effect between the vibration between transfer mechanism and workpiece was analyzed. Fast trigger was implemented by photoelectric sensor. The accurate positioning was implemented by using the high accuracy time delay module. The motion blur was controlled by reducing the exposure time. A high-speed image acquisition system was designed based on the high-speed image acquisition method. The positioning accuracy was less than 0.1 mm, and the motion blur was less than one pixel.
The wearing degree of the wheel set is one of the main factors that influence the safety and stability of running train.
Measurement of wheel set wear has significant importance to railway safety. An automatic measurement method for
geometrical parameters of wheel set based on optoelectronic technique was proposed. In the method, linear structured
laser light was projected on the wheel tread surface. The geometrical parameters can be deduced from the profile image.
An online image acquisition system was designed based on asynchronous reset of CCD. The entire time sequence of
asynchronous reset was designed. The image was acquired only when wheel moved into the designed position. Image
acquisition was fulfilled by hardware interrupt mode. Quantitative relation between position accuracy and speed, timedelay
error, CCD resolution and imaging region was deuced. Relation between moving blur and speed, exposure time was also decided. The measuring system was installed along the straight railway section. When the wheel set was running in a limited speed, the devices placed alone railway line can measure the geometrical parameters automatically. Position accuracy achieved 1.1mm when moving speed reached 2km/h and moving blur was limited in less than one pixel size while exposure time set to be 1/5550s. The image definition can meet the demand of real and online measurement.
High speed railway develops rapidly in recent years in China. Wheel set is the major running components of a train.
Online measurement of wheel set wear parameters is important for the train safety. A method of wheel sets' wear online
measurement based on structure light imaging and image analysis was proposed. A new image segmentation algorithm
of wheel set based on region growing was put forward based on characteristics of wheel set images. According to the
characteristics of wheel set images acquired in different circumstance, proper seed and appropriate growth standard was
determined. After growth processing, the whole tread profile images were extracted. By processing number of images,
the proposed algorithm eliminated effectively the interferences in the image acquisition and extracted whole wheel set
profile curve from varied background.
CCD calibration is carried out for wheel set wear online measurement. Calibration precision influences the accuracy of
wheel set measurement. A CCD calibration method is designed based on perspective projection of pinhole camera and
iterative algorithm. Space angles and object distance of CCD parameters are obtained by CCD calibration.
Transformation relation between physical coordinates and pixel coordinates is determined by these two CCD parameters.
Experimental results showed that space angle achieved a error of 0.1° and object distance achieved a error of 2 mm. The
calibration method meet accuracy demands of wheel set wear measurement.
Locomotive is the most important parts of a train. Wheel set is the major running components of a locomotive. Wheel set
tread is the contacting part with the rail and tread will be worn down gradually. The wearing degree of the wheel set
tread is one of the main factors that influence the safety and stability of running train. The measurement of wheel set
wear is usually static and by handwork, which limits the accuracy and reliability. An automatic measurement method for
geometrical parameters of locomotive wheel set based on optoelectronic technique was proposed. Geometrical
parameters include flange thickness, flange height and rim inside distance. Linear structured laser light was projected on
the wheel tread surface. The geometrical parameters can be deduced from the profile image. An online image acquisition
system was designed based on asynchronous reset of CCD. Precision hardware time-delay and asynchronous reset pulse
generation circuits were designed. The entire time sequence of asynchronous reset was researched. Images were acquired
only when wheel sets moved into the designed position. The image acquisition was fulfilled by hardware interrupt mode.
The measuring system was installed along the straight railway section. When the locomotive was running in a limited
speed, the devices placed alone railway line can measure the geometrical parameters automatically.
The measurement technology of pH is essential in seawater desalination. Glass electrode is the main pH sensor in
seawater desalination. Because the internal impedance of glass electrode is high and the signal of pH sensor is easy to be
disturbed, a signal processing circuit with high input impedance was designed. Because of high salinity of seawater and
the characteristic of glass electrode, ultrasonic cleaning technology was used to online clean pH sensor. Temperature
compensation was also designed to reduce the measurement error caused by variety of environment temperature.
Additionally, the potential drift of pH sensor was analyzed and an automatic calibration method was proposed. In order
to online monitor the variety of pH in seawater desalination, three operating modes were designed. The three modes are
online monitoring mode, ultrasonic cleaning mode and auto-calibration mode. The current pH in seawater desalination
was measured and displayed in online monitoring mode. The cleaning process of pH sensor was done in ultrasonic
cleaning mode. The calibration of pH sensor was finished in auto-calibration mode. The result of experiments showed
that the measurement technology of pH could meet the technical requirements for desalination. The glass electrode could
be promptly and online cleaned and its service life was lengthened greatly.
Magnet chip is a kind of industrial work piece widely used in electronic equipment. Manual examination is still the main
method for its surface quality test and cannot meet the demand of high efficiency and accuracy. A universal online image
acquisition method was proposed based on asynchronous reset of CCD. The fast trigger, precision placement, movement
blur and image definition were resolved. (1)A focused optical fiber was used in optoelectronic sensor to generate trigger
signal timely when work piece moved through the little optical spot. (2)Precision hardware time-delay and asynchronous
reset pulse generation circuits were designed. The image was acquired only when work piece moved into the designed
position. (3) The image acquisition was fulfilled by hardware interrupt mode. The maximal processing time could be
designed to ensure the normal acquiring flow. (4) Quantitative relation between position accuracy and speed, time-delay
error, CCD resolution and imaging region was deuced. Relation between moving blur and speed, exposure time was also
decided. (5)The entire time sequence of asynchronous reset was designed. (6) Testing system was designed. The position
accuracy achieved 0.1mm when moving speed reached 100mm/s. Moving blur was limited in less one pixel size.
Experiments showed the system can meet the demand of real and online measurement of magnet chip surface quality.
The paper introduced a real-time pattern recognition method for animal posture. It based on digital image processing, BP
neural network and DSP techniques. 2D movement projective image of mice was captured and processed. Some features were extracted, such as morphological parameters and motion parameters. A BP neural network was set to distinguish the posture with these parameters. According to the experiments, the recognition rate of special posture reached 90.5%. The method can be applied in pharmacology experiments and other fields for classification of animal posture.
PM2.5 is the chief air pollutants in most Chinese City. The PM2.5 parameter was usually evaluated by the weight per
unit volume (mg/m3) and the size was generally ignored. A method measuring the particle size distribution of PM2.5
based on light scattering was put forward. A special sector sensor, SSPA(Self Scanning Photodiode Array), was designed
to detect the distribution of weak space light energy. We researched a special optoelectronic detector with sector
detection area. The sensor has high sensitivity and high reliability. It's suitable for detecting the distribution of space
light energy, especially the diffraction and scattering energy distribution. The paper researched the signal processing
method. Based on the principle and characteristics of SSPA, a signal acquisition and processing method controlled by
computer was introduced. The amplification of weak signal, the matching of time sequence, the fast peak holding with
low leakage, the high speed A/D conversion and nonlinear correction were discussed. The method can acquire the peak
signal of every ring of sector SSPA with high accuracy and in real time. The particle size distribution of PM2.5 acquired
in Hangzhou City was analyzed. Results showed that the particles with diameter below 2.5um were above 90%.
Wheel set tread defects include scotching and flaking on wheel tread. The paper presents an online measuring method to detect wheel set defects based on optoelectronic technique while the train is running in low-speed within 5-10km/h. Line structure laser illuminates on the wheel tread. High speed CCD cameras were used to gather tread image. Digital image process technique is used to process the data. The measuring device is installed along the straight railway. When the vehicle is running in a limited speed, the devices placed on both sides of the railway can get depth, length and position of possibly existed wheel defects. The measuring accuracy of defects length was 1.0mm.
Printed circuit board film is used for making PCB. Size and defects are important parameters in PCB films' quality
evaluation. An online measuring method based on linear CCD for 500mm width PCB film was proposed. The method
included (1) definition of parameters, (2) imaging range, which was wider than a PCB film unit to reduce the errors
coming from the assembling of CCD and (3) the 2D scanning of PCB film and CCD. Template matching was used for
extracting the interested region. Region growing was used for pinhole detection. Image subtraction was used in breakage
detection. And region segmentation was used for size measurement. According to the design and analysis, the online
measuring method can meet the demands. Experiments showed that (1) the method can detect and classify PCB films'
defects efficiently, and (2) the size measuring accuracy can reach 0.1mm.
KEYWORDS: RGB color model, Image segmentation, Signal processing, Digital signal processing, CMYK color model, Digital image processing, Cameras, Image transmission, Optoelectronics, Reflection
The pearl color and color uniformity are important to its price. The paper presented a new real-time method to measure and grade the pearl color based on optoelectronic techniques. The method uses HSI (Hue, Saturation and Intensity) color model, diffuse reflection illumination, CCD (Charge Couple Device) camera with fine color reproduction and digital image processing technology to realize the parameters of color matrix of pearl color. These parameters, including mean values (h and s), variances (σh and σs) and absolute values of third moments (|th| and |ts|) of H and S, were acquired. Then the industrial control computer acquires the grading signals. The grading devices graded the pearls. The method could measure and grade the pearl on real-time and meet the requirement of grading.
Wheel set tread is a part of wheel that contacts with rail. Wheel set tread defects include scotching and flaking on wheel tread. The paper presents an on-rail measurement method to detect running wheel set defects based on optoelectronic technique. In the method, grid-trace is projected on the wheel tread. High speed CCD cameras are used to acquire the tread profile image. Digital image process technique is used to process the data. The measuring device is installed along the straight railway section. When the vehicle is running in a limited speed, the devices placed on both sides of the railway can get depths, lengths and positions of possibly existed wheel defects. The scotching longer than 17mm, flaking longer than ±2mm can be detected with an error of theoretically.
Air pollution monitoring is an important aspect of environmental protection. The pollutants to be detected are usually more than one in air or smoke monitoring. Researching new techniques that can meet the demand of detecting the pollutants at the same time is important and necessary. The paper researched the method of detecting multi-parameters in one optical fiber gas sensing system. The system used multi-wavelength and time division multiplex technique to detect the concentration of SO2 and NO2 simultaneously based on gas' spectra absorption principle. The light differential absorption formula was deduced. The two strong and weak absorbing wavelengths were chosen as signal and reference relatively. To every gas, optical coupler and narrow-band optical filters were used to generate signal and reference light from a high brightness LED. The central wavelength of filters is identical to the strong or weak absorption wavelength respectively. The multi-channel signals were switched to one light beam using a 4x1 optical switch controlled by computer in designed time sequence. The output light after absorbing by gas was coupled on a high sensitivity PIN detector. To achieve high detecting sensitivity, the light source was modulated by a pulse signal. The power and temperature control circuits were also used to stabilize the output power and wavelength of light source. After differential absorption process, the concentration of different gas can be deduced in one set of common optical and electrical sensing system.
The online measurement of wheel set wear parameters is important for ensuring the safety of train vehicle and increasing the reliability and efficiency of maintaining. The paper researched an automatic measuring method of wheel set parameters based on CCD and image processing. The method used precision laser displacement sensor, CCD, digital image processing and motion control technology to realize the non-contact automatic measuring of wheel set parameters. These parameters include the flange thickness, flange height, wheel diameter, rim inside distance, rim inside thickness, rim width, scotching and flaking on wheel tread. The tread and flange profile were captured using laser source and high resolution CCD sensor. The image SNR was gained through narrow band-pass optical filters which wavelength matched with laser source. In order to detect the irregular tread failures formed in running of train vehicle, the paper used precision laser displacement sensor to scan the tread and acquire the position while the wheel set was rotating. The displacement data of different positions were transformed to digital image. Then digital image processing was used to distinguish and judge the failures. The measuring accuracy of geometrical parameters, scotching depth and flaking length were 0.2mm, 0.1mm and 0.5mm respectively. The repeatability and accuracy can meet the demand of non-contact online wheel set maintaining.
The measuring of geometrical profile and tread defects of wheel set is an important step for the safety of train vehicle running. The paper researched an automatic measuring system of comprehensive parameters of wheel set based on optoelectronic detecting technique. The system used precision laser displacement sensor, digital image processing and motion control technology to realize the non-contact automatic measuring of wheel set parameters. The tread and flange profile were captured using laser source and high resolution CCD sensor. The image SNR was gained through narrow band-pass optical filters which wavelength matched with laser source. In order to detect the irregular tread failures formed in running of train vehicle, the paper used precision laser displacement sensor to scan the tread and acquire the position while the wheel set was rotating slowly. The displacement data of different positions were transformed to digital image. Then digital image processing and mode recognition algorithm was used to distinguish and judge the failures. The repeatability and accuracy of the system can meet the demand of wheel set maintaining.
Based on the diffusion approximation theory, this paper researched quantitatively the influence of the thickness, the absorption coefficient, the scattering coefficient, and the anisotropy coefficient on the ultrashort laser pulse transmitted through turbid biological tissues. After transmitting through the turbid media, several picoseconds laser pulse will be widened by the diffusive scattering. The various medium parameters have much different influences on the intensity and shape of the transmitting ultrashort laser pulse. The paper concluded that the basic optical parameters of tissues can be acquired by analysing the pulse shape, and that the change of the pulse shape is mainly influenced by the scattering other than absorption. The research results can be used in optical diagnostics.
The paper researched a detecting system of wheelset based on real time image acquisition and processing. The system used linear laser diode sources to illuminate the wheel treads, and the profiles are obtained by high sensitive CCD. The paper researched the dynamic image acquisition, spatial transformation, image enhancement, image segmentation and measurement algorithms. By analyzing the geometric shape of the wheel tread profile, the parameters such as the flange height, the flange thickness, the angle of flange and the back to back distance can be deduced. Then the wearing degree of the wheel can be calculated, and the more important is that the next maintaining date can be predicted. It's crucial for the safety and stability ofrunning wheelset.
Different methods of optical imaging of biological media based on time-resolved and low-coherence techniques are discussed, including the use of streak camera, Kerr gate, electronic holography and the low-coherence interferometry. The time-resolved techniques use ultrashort laser pulses and the photons traveling different paths can be detected selectively because they have different time of flight. The low-coherence techniques use light sources with broad spectrum and low coherence length to achieve high resolution.
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