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Therapeutic cancer vaccines work by boosting the immune system’s ability to defend the body from existing oncologic growth. Because of the well established characteristics of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to promote the immune response against targeted tumor, the standard direct PDT treatment of lesions in patients is often referred to as the vaccination in situ as the vaccine is generated in vivo exploiting antigens available at the tumor site. An alternative approach is the ex vivo generation of PDT vaccine, where surgically removed tumor treated by PDT in vitro serves as the vaccine material that is administered to the original host to eradicate residual malignant deposits. This second approach has certain advantages since it avoids certain inflammatory and other negative aspects of host response to PDT. Recent research progress has brought significant advances in the understanding of the nature of interaction of PDT with immune system. It is now clear that the critical determinant is the engagement of stress signaling networks by PDT-induced insult in targeted cancer cells. This ensures the expression of immunogenic cell death (ICD), abundant exposure of tumor antigens (including neoantigens) and espousal of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Important advancements towards clinical translation of PDT vaccines include the identification of highly effective adjunct immunoadjuvants and strategies of controlling immunoregulatory activity. Both these elements are critical for optimizing the strength of vaccine-elicited antitumor immune response and its duration in order to ensure clinical efficacy.
Mladen Korbelik
"Cancer PDT vaccines: progress and prospects (Conference Presentation)", Proc. SPIE 11070, 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, 110703N (14 August 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528211
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Mladen Korbelik, "Cancer PDT vaccines: progress and prospects (Conference Presentation)," Proc. SPIE 11070, 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, 110703N (14 August 2019); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528211