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Electro-optic modulators are critical building blocks for many signal processing systems which adhere to requirements given by both electrical and optical constraints. We discuss the fundamental speed limitations of recently developed charge and field driven nanophotonic electro-optic devices enabling the next generation of electro-optic modulators featuring a significantly improved device performance regarding modulation efficiency (VπL ⪅1 Vcm), device footprint (⪅ 1 mm2) and bandwidth (⪆ 100 GHz). We show that the practical limits of the operation speed is for both, ferroelectric Pockels modulators and the proposed transparent conducting oxides (ITO) modulators, determined by the frequency response of the corresponding electronic circuit driving the modulator.
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Martin Thomaschewski, Yaliang Gui, Hao Wang, Behrouz Movahhed Nouri, Salem Altaleb, Hamed Dalir, Volker J. Sorger, "Ultrafast charge and field driven optical modulators and switches," Proc. SPIE 12419, Ultrafast Phenomena and Nanophotonics XXVII, 124190E (15 March 2023); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2650936