Neuromodulation at high precision poses great significance in advancing fundamental knowledge in neuroscience and offering novel clinical treatments. Here we reported our development of the photoacoustic neural stimulation in four different platform technologies. These technologies include implantable fiber based photoacoustic emitters, nanocomposite based photoacoustic films, photoacoustic nanotransducers, and optic-driven focus ultrasound (OFUS) with transcranial capability for non-invasive applications. Specifically, in OFUS, a curved photoacoustic film forms a concave ultrasound lens to achieve the ultrasound focus with about 100 micron, opening up new opportunities for high precision non-invasive neural stimulation.
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