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There have been conflicting results regarding the differences between men and women on the function and structure of the brain. To address this question, we propose a novel method to distinguish the effects of sex on brain structure and function based on identifying subgroups that maximize the between-sex differences. In a large sample of 19975 women and 17568 men, we demonstrate that our method can identify individuals at the extremities of the "maleness-femaleness" continuum and is able to quantify the maleness/femaleness of their features. These findings have widespread implications for studies assessing sex and its impact on the brain.
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Mite Mijalkov, Oveis Jamialahmadi, Stefano Romeo, Giovanni Volpe, Joana B. Pereira, "A novel method for quantifying men and women-like features in brain structure and function (Conference Presentation)," Proc. SPIE PC12204, Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence (ETAI) 2022, PC122040X (4 October 2022); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2633276