Purpose: To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first SPIE Medical Imaging meeting, we highlight some of the important publications published in the conference proceedings. Approach: We determined the top cited and downloaded papers. We also asked members of the editorial board of the Journal of Medical Imaging to select their favorite papers. Results: There was very little overlap between the three methods of highlighting papers. The downloads were mostly recent papers, whereas the favorite papers were mostly older papers. Conclusions: The three different methods combined provide an overview of the highlights of the papers published in the SPIE Medical Imaging conference proceedings over the last 50 years. |
1.IntroductionThe SPIE seminar “Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine” was held in Chicago on November 29 and 30, 1972. This was the first meeting of what is now known as the SPIE Medical Imaging conference. Milestones are important to mark as they are an opportunity to reflect on what has transpired and where we are going. This contribution will highlight some of the important papers published in the conference proceedings. 2.MethodsWe first looked at common metrics such as citations and downloads, which are reported here. We used Lens.org to create the citation lists. It is worth noting that Lens.org, in general, produces fewer citation numbers than a Google search. The download count was taken directly from the SPIE website. It is not uncommon for a conference paper to be converted to peer-reviewed publication by the authors. So, although the conference paper and the corresponding presentation may have had significance to the field, it is likely that the citations and downloads were for the peer-reviewed versions. Given this problem, we chose a different tack, albeit one that is very subjective. We asked members of the current Journal of Medical Imaging (JMI) editorial board to write about their favorite SPIE conference paper, and those are also given here. The advantage of asking board members is that, collectively, their expertise spans the subjects presented at Medical Imaging, so it is likely more representative of topics covered. 3.Results3.1.CitationsTable 1 gives the top 10 conference proceeding papers (across all symposia) cited by decade. As the size and reputation of the SPIE Medical Imaging conference grew, it became more likely that a paper presented at the conference would be cited, and recent papers have fewer citations because they have had less time to be cited compared with older papers. Table 1The top 10 cited papers published in the SPIE Medical Imaging conference proceedings by decade.
The highest cited paper was by Cruz-Roa and colleagues, published in 2014, with 216 citations. It was also selected as a “favorite” paper (see next section). The second highest cited paper was by Bunch et al., with 199 citations. This paper describes a method to quantify the area under the free-response operator characteristic curve, and it was a seminal paper in the field. Despite that it was presented in 1977, it is highly cited due in large part to there being no subsequent peer-reviewed publication. 3.2.DownloadsTable 2 lists the top 50 downloaded papers from the conference proceedings. Since downloading from the SPIE website is relatively new, instead of highlighting by decade as with citations, we list the top 50 downloaded conference proceedings papers. Table 2The top 50 downloads for papers published in the SPIE Medical Imaging conference proceedings.
Most of the papers are from the last 10 years (, with only three pre-2000). None of the top downloaded papers were papers selected by the JMI editorial committee. Eleven papers were common to the download and citation lists: papers 7, 9, 10, 30, 35, 39, and 41 corresponding to the 2010 to 2019 list; papers 29 and 38 from the 2000 to 2009 list; and papers 21 and 50 from 1998. Surprisingly, the top downloaded paper (), by Wu et al., has only been cited 11 times. 3.3.Personal FavoritesHere, we list papers chosen by some members of the JMI Editorial Board, the person who chose it, and a brief explanation of why they did. The papers are listed in chronological order. The first two papers listed were also among the most cited papers. 3.3.1.An assortment of image quality indexes for radiographic film-screen combinations: can they be resolved?Wagner and Weaver6 Kyle Myers: Bob Wagner’s 1972 paper on figures of merit launched his career and began that long trajectory of papers at SPIE Medical Imaging that pushed forward the development of figures of merit for the evaluation of medical imaging systems. Note that it was presented at the first Medical Imaging meeting. Christoph Hoeschen: I also really liked that paper when coming across this nearly 30 years after it had been published, really explaining a lot to me. Currently, some approaches of vendors and regulators in Europe are looking again into potentially useful figures of merit in medical imaging especially in CT. 3.3.2.Variations in task and the ideal observerHanson17 Jeffrey Siewerdsen: Ken Hanson was one of the giant pioneers of modern image science (alongside Wagner, Myers, and Barrett and some others), and I always found Ken’s formulation of “task” in a mathematical sense to be so enjoyable and profound. He was not alone, of course—joined by those other giants—but I always found his papers on “task” to focus on the task concept in ways that were beautifully explained both analytically and intuitively. I believe it made its way in to ICRU 54, and it was my original inspiration for “task-based optimization” for digital x-ray detectors etc. and of course, he was at least 25 years ahead of his time regarding “task-based” assessment of image quality, which is now ubiquitous in a more general sense. 3.3.3.Principles governing the transfer of signal modulation and photon noise by amplifying and scattering mechanismsDillon et al.91 Robert Nishikawa: This paper launched research into cascaded linear systems analysis. It was the beginning of intense investigation by several groups, including Rabbani, Van Metter and Shaw, Nishikawa and Yaffe, Cunningham, Siewerdsen, Maidment, Zhao, and others. From this research emerged the field of virtual clinical trials. 3.3.4.Detection and discrimination of known signals in inhomogeneous, random backgroundsBarrett et al.92 Kyle Myers: Over the next years at SPIE Medical Imaging, starting in 1981, there were some back-and-forth papers by Harry Barrett (who was working on coded apertures for nuclear medicine applications) and Bob Wagner (who in 1981, published a paper that coded apertures could be inferior to an aperture with poor resolution), eventually leading them to co-write the paper from 1989 that tells a joint story. In a nutshell (last line of the abstract), “predictions of image quality based on stylized tasks with uniform background must be viewed with caution.” We can trace virtual clinical trials back to these early works. 3.3.5.Clinical evaluation of PACS: modeling diagnostic valueKundel et al.93 Elizabeth A. Krupinski: I like this paper because it, very early on in PACS development, put the user center-stage and focused on the importance of the user, task, information flow and diagnostic value and outcomes. These principles remain critical today in any system evaluation, but are often not taken into account. This paper reminds us that the user/radiologist should drive technology adoption and implementation not just the availability of technology. 3.3.6.Mammographic structure: data preparation and spatial statistics analysisBurgess94 Christoph Hoeschen: The paper of Art Burgess was actually presented in the first SPIE Medical Imaging conference I had the chance to attend. At that time, I was trying in my PhD thesis to determine the information content of structures in real patient images. The paper by Art Burgess showed how important approaches are to characterize content of the images. Since he is referring to the power spectrum of the images it is a little different approach than what I did but it showed the general importance very well. His paper was mentioned in various later contributions trying for example to build detection tasks and characterizing the background for this. Actually, in a current approach for a project funded by the European Commission (EC), where we try to determine objective image quality from patient images and relate this to subjective image quality measures, we use the power spectrum again. In addition, I think the paper is mathematically very clear and well written. Robert Nishikawa: While not the first paper to study anatomical noise and human and model observers, it established the power law relationship of mammographic anatomical noise and its effect on lesion detectability. Burgess showed, what was at the time unintuitive, that anatomic noise was the dominant noise source for detecting masses, and that quantum noise was only important for the detection of microcalcifications. This research was the starting point for studies on the design of anatomical phantoms, detectability in two-dimensional (2D) versus three-dimensional (3D) imaging, improving task-based modeling and analyses, and model observer studies using more realistic backgrounds. 3.3.7.Megalopinakophobia: its symptoms and curesBarrett et al.95 Mathew Kupinski: This paper is extremely useful as it describes a number of methods for dealing with large matrices and the computation of image quality for the Hotelling observer and other similar observer models. I also really enjoy the cheekiness of the paper as the title word “megalopinakophobia” translates to “fear of large matrices.” This paper could easily have been a peer-reviewed publication but represents a great contribution to the SPIE literature. 3.3.8.Content-based image retrieval in medical applications for picture archiving and communication systemsLehmann et al.96 3.3.9.Extended query refinement for content-based access to large medical image databases.Lehmann et al.97 Thomas M. Deserno: Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) was introduced to medical applications in the early 2000s. Since then, CBIR has been applied in medical research and is now established in some commercial systems, too. Presented almost 20 years ago at Medical Imaging, these SPIE papers96,97 were one of the first transferring CBIR into the medical domain, long before the follow-ups were published peer-reviewed in the Methods of Information in Medicine (2004)98 and in the Journal of Digital Imaging (2008),99 respectively. The latter received the Journal of Digital Imaging 2008 Best Paper Award, First Place (technical). This demonstrates that outstanding research is presented at SPIE Medical Imaging a couple of years before it becomes published in journals. This is the reason why I’m enjoying the meeting year by year, as so many new ideas are presented here first. 3.3.10.Comparative study of retinal vessel segmentation methods on a new publicly available databaseNiemeijer et al.85 Ronald Summers: This paper is an early example of a publicly released dataset for algorithm performance comparisons. It has been cited 511 times according to Web of Knowledge [the most according to a search for “SPIE Medical Imaging” that found 28,828 results from the Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Science (CPCI-S)]. Publicly released datasets have had a major impact on the development of object recognition, segmentation, and computer-aided diagnosis across many areas of medical imaging. Challenges (competitions) using public datasets have inspired many trainees and early career investigators to specialize in medical image analysis. 3.3.12.How to minimize perceptual error and maximize expertise in medical imagingKundel101 Claudia Mello-Thoms: The reason why I selected these papers is because reader error in medical imaging is still at the same rates that it was 40 years ago when Dr. Kundel started doing his research, despite the advances in technology. In these papers,100,101 he created a taxonomy of error where he divided them in three categories, technological (which is not common), perceptual and cognitive. Perceptual errors are still responsible for about 60% of false negatives in medical imaging, whereas cognitive errors are responsible for about the remaining 40%. Despite the many interventions derived to improve the rates of perceptual errors, they all have failed, and we still do not understand what really causes these errors. We know that visual search plays a role in both perceptual and cognitive errors, but we don’t know how to improve visual search so as to reduce the 40 million errors per year that occur worldwide in medical imaging. 3.3.13.Mitosis detection in breast cancer pathology images by combining handcrafted and convolutional neural network featuresWang et al.102 Anant Madabhushi: The paper set the stage for combining hand-crafted engineered feature approaches with deep learning for breast cancer digital pathology. While a number of papers have subsequently dealt with the topic of combining hand-crafted and deep learning based approaches for digital pathology and medical imaging applications, this was one of the early examples showing the possibility of this type of integration. This conference proceeding was ultimately published in JMI. At the time of writing the journal version of the paper was the second most highly cited paper in JMI (266), the conference paper has been cited over a 100 times already. 4.Concluding RemarksAs highlighted here, papers presented at the SPIE Medical Imaging conference have had a large and significant impact on the field of medical imaging. The meeting has grown over the last 50 years to become one of the most important meetings on the technical and practical aspects of medical imaging, for the latest concept and results are presented in SPIE Medical Imaging proceedings, long before they get published in the established journals in our field. In 2000, SPIE published the three-volume Handbook of Medical Imaging.103–105 Many of the authors of this compendium were regular attendees of the SPIE Medical Imaging conference, and they provided a comprehensive overview of the many topics presented at the meeting. DisclosuresRonald Summers receives royalties for patents or software licenses from iCAD, Philips, PingAn, ScanMed, Translation Holdings and research funding through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with PingAn. Anant Madabhushi is an equity holder in Elucid Bioimaging and in Inspirata Inc. In addition, he has served as a scientific advisory board member for Inspirata Inc., Astrazeneca, Bristol Meyers-Squibb, and Merck. Currently he serves on the advisory board of Aiforia Inc. and currently consults for Caris, Roche, Cernostics, and Aiforia. He also has sponsored research agreements with Philips, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Bristol Meyers-Squibb. His technology has been licensed to Elucid Bioimaging. He is also involved in three different R01 grants with Inspirata Inc. Jeffrey Siewerdsen has research, licensing, and/or advising relationships with Elekta Oncology (Stockholm, Sweden), Siemens Healthineers (Forchheim, Germany), Carestream Health (Rochester, USA), Medtronic (Minneapolis, USA), PXI (Toronto, Canada), Izotropic (Surrey, Canada), and The Phantom Lab (Greenwich, USA). AcknowledgmentsWe thank Gwen Weerts, SPIE Journals manager, for collecting the download list and assisting on the citation lists. This part of this work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (RMS). The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the National Institutes of Health or the Department of Health and Human Services. ReferencesP. C. Bunch et al.,
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