This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13172, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

In this paper, an experimental test was conducted to assess the effectiveness of different fire extinguishing systems on a new natural ester soybean oil transformer fire. The fire extinguishing characteristics, extinguishing times, fire plume temperatures, oil temperatures in the transformer, and the total heat flux intensity of the fire field were observed. It was found that a fine water mist extinguished the soybean oil transformer fire without re-burning, while foam spray extinguished the fire with a violent re-burning. The overall extinguishing time of fine water mist was significantly shorter than that of foam spray. After the implementation of water mist, the fire plume centerline temperature dropped to 77.3℃, smaller than that with foam spray of 95.6℃. The temperature rebounded to 207°C when the fine water mist was applied, 24% lower than that of the foam spray. When foam spray was applied, the maximum transformer internal oil temperature was 300.8℃, similar to that achieved with the water mist system of 303.2℃. However, the temperature decay rate during the rapid cooling stage was only 42% of that observed with the water mist fire extinguishing method. Due to the re-burning, the rebound duration of the total heat flux intensity was significantly greater in foam spray fire extinguishing. Under the current conditions, the extinguishing effectiveness of fine water mist was superior to that of foam spray. The results of this study can provide the valuable insights for the choice of fire extinguishing system of the new natural ester oil-immersed transformer.

The development of a single type of new energy can lead to energy loss, low equipment utilization and other problems, and the traditional integrated energy multi-energy complementary collaborative planning methods can not obtain the output characteristics of the integrated energy multi-energy complementary synchronous power generation unit with high accuracy, increasing the loss of energy power. This paper proposes the concept of multi-energy complementary composite power station based on the complementary characteristics of various types of power sources, and researches the complementary mechanism of the composite power station and the external characteristics of planning-oriented; introduces the concept of source network and load storage, and proposes a brand-new energy multi-energy complementary collaborative optimization planning method, and establishes a mathematical model of the comprehensive energy energy flow, and derives the output characteristics of the comprehensive energy multi-energy complementary synchronous power generation unit. And through the comparison with the comprehensive energy planning method based on interconnection and interaction and the comprehensive energy planning method based on multi-energy complementary two methods, it is concluded that the method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the loss generated in the process of comprehensive energy multi-energy utilization, with significant advantages.

By designing and preparing dendritic silica nanoparticles (MSN-T) loaded with UV shielding agents and adding them to silicone polyurethane resins, amphiphobic coatings with both UV-resistant properties were obtained. The spectral properties of the UV shielding of the transparent amphiphobic coatings were analyzed, and the results showed that the UV absorber had a good effect on the UV shielding of the transparent amphiphobic coatings in the range of 200-370 nm. In addition, the prepared amphiphobic coatings have good liquid-repellent effects on various liquids such as water, diiodomethane and glycerol.

In order to study the difference in combustion performance between out-furnace blending and in-furnace blending under low load, the combustion of a 350MW tangential boiler under the conditions of lignite blending with different proportions of bituminous coal was simulated and analyzed based on Fluent software. The results show that the blending of bituminous coal can increase the combustion temperature and is conducive to the complete combustion of pulverized coal. When blending outside the furnace, the temperature change in the furnace is gentler, which is safer than in-furnace blending. Under blending conditions, lignite and bituminous coal compete for O₂ seriously, which is most obvious under 40% coal blending conditions. Blending outside the furnace, especially in the 40% working condition, has a good effect on reducing NO_x emissions. However, In-furnace blending has side effects and increases NO_x emissions by 30%.

Tube-wound heat exchanger is one of the key equipment in continuous reformer, and the effect of gas-liquid mixing between naphtha and hydrogen will affect the degree of crystallization and blockage in the tube. At present, the in-service reforming tube-wound heat exchanger is unevenly mixed with gas and liquid, and the crystallization and blockage in the tubes cause problems such as increased pressure drop in the tubes and poor heat transfer efficiency. In this paper, on the basis of the original structure of the heat exchanger gas-liquid mixing hole injection method, the nozzle structure atomization method is introduced for gas-liquid material mixing, and the gas-liquid mixing effect of the two structures are compared. By means of CFD numerical analysis, the influence of different structures on the gas-liquid mixing effect was comparatively studied. The results show that the gas-liquid mixing effect of the horizontal nozzle is better than that of the round hole structure, and the larger the nozzle facing angle, the worse the gas-liquid homogeneity is, and the relevant results can provide certain guidance for the overall optimization of the continuous reforming device.

In the operation of the power system, the reliable work of the power transformer is the basis of the safe and economic operation of the power system, the failure of the transformer will not only cause the transformer to stop operation, but even damage, thus affecting the normal operation of the power system. In this paper, based on multi-physics coupling, interturn short-circuit fault is set in COMSOL software to simulate the interturn short-circuit operation of transformer and its temperature distribution is obtained. It is determined that the change of normal winding current is not obvious when the early turn to turn fault occurs in the high voltage winding. However, the current and heat production of the faulty coil increased significantly, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the top oil and tank casing. Therefore, thermal characteristics such as the top oil temperature winding current can be used to detect inter-turn faults in the early stage.

With the increase in mining activities, environmental damage problems have become increasingly prominent, and effective assessment and remediation strategies are urgently needed to mitigate their impacts. This study uses deep learning technology, combined with mine environmental monitoring data and remediation plans, to propose an intelligent optimization method aimed at improving the accuracy of environmental damage assessment and the efficiency of remediation strategies. First, a coal mine is used as a research case to comprehensively analyze the environmental damage assessment and restoration strategies of mining projects based on field investigation and geological survey results. It also combines mine environmental governance and restoration goals and mine environmental protection and governance tasks from ground subsidence restoration projects to aquifer damage. The content of mining environmental protection and governance and restoration work is introduced from three perspectives: governance and restoration projects, as well as topography, landscape and land resources governance and restoration projects. Secondly, deep learning models are used to predict and classify the degree of environmental damage, thereby achieving accurate assessment of environmental damage in mines. At the same time, based on deep learning optimization algorithms, the repair strategy is intelligently designed and adjusted to improve the repair effect and reduce costs. Experimental results show that the proposed method has made significant progress in assessing environmental damage and formulating remediation strategies, providing important support and guidance for mine environmental protection and sustainable development. In summary, this study provides an intelligent and efficient optimization solution to solve the problem of environmental damage in mines, and has broad application prospects and promotion value.

This article proposes a research framework based on neural network methods for predicting and decision support the effectiveness of soil pollution remediation in mines. To address the complexity, nonlinearity, and uncertainty of soil pollution in mines, neural network models in deep learning are utilized to train and predict data from multiple sources, including soil pollutant types, contents, pollution ranges, remediation techniques, meteorological conditions, etc. By constructing multi-layer perceptron models or convolutional neural network models and utilizing existing mining soil data to predict the effectiveness of future mining soil remediation, it is possible to simulate and reveal the inherent laws in the process of mining soil pollution remediation, achieve quantitative prediction of remediation effects, and provide scientific decision support for the selection and optimization of pollution remediation strategies based on the monitoring data of current mining soil, We constructed backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) prediction models for soil remediation performance indicators in mines, and compared and analyzed the prediction results of basic soil physical and chemical properties index. The data showed that the predicted values of the BPNN model were consistent with the actual soil conditions, but overfitting occurred during the fitting process. We improved the parameter selection method of the BPNN model using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, this phenomenon can be avoided, and CNN models have a more complex structure and more scientific fitting methods, thereby avoiding the model from falling into local extremes during the fitting process. At the same time, the use of deconvolution feature fusion optimizes the network feature extraction ability, improving the accuracy of model prediction results. Using the root mean square error (RME), coefficient of determination (R2), and mean absolute error (MAE) of different models as evaluation parameters, compared with traditional BPNN and PSO-BP models, the improved model has a more stable fitting effect, which is of great value for guiding practical repair engineering practices.

The Dagu Lighthouse, a vital component of Tianjin Port, plays a pivotal role in the port's intelligent development. However, with the continuous expansion of the port's scale and the growing number of vessels, Dagu Lighthouse is encountering challenges in energy supply. To tackle this issue, a solution based on AIS-CCTV technology has been proposed. This plan aims to bolster the power and communication capabilities of Dagu Lighthouse. By deploying AIS (Automatic Identification System) and CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) equipment, real-time information such as vessels' positions, speeds, and headings can be acquired. Concurrently, the operational status and safety of port facilities can be monitored, enabling comprehensive surveillance and management of port operations.

As an important part of urban infrastructure, heating system is directly related to the quality of life of the people and the sustainable development of the city. Through reasonable production scheduling, the effective management of heating equipment and pipe network can be realized, the operation efficiency and stability of heating system can be improved, and the heating capacity can meet the demand. At the same time, the application of energy management systems can help monitor and optimize energy use, reduce energy consumption costs, reduce environmental impact, and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the importance of production scheduling and energy consumption management system in the field of heating is self-evident, which is of great significance for improving the operating efficiency of heating system, reducing energy consumption and ensuring the safety of urban heating.

This paper studies how to improve the power output and the stability of the power generation system under the influence of different wind speed. This paper proposes a power control strategy based on PID controller using the optimal tip speed ratio method to optimize the control parameters and combine the variable pitch control method to realize the effective power control of 1.5MW direct drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine. The simulation results prove that the controller can improve the dynamic performance of the 1.5MW direct drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine power control system, improve the reliability of the unit operation, especially the capture efficiency of the wind energy of the power generation system, so as to improve the power generation.

This paper mainly optimizes the application of electronic expansion valve in refrigeration and air conditioning system, and studies the optimization application and performance test analysis of electronic expansion valve. The results show that the application of electronic expansion valve in refrigeration and air conditioning system can improve the energy efficiency of refrigeration and air conditioning system, and the operation of refrigeration and air conditioning system is more stable and reliable.

This article proposes a concrete method for calculating truncation efficiency, called the sampling method, and applies it to the field of solar thermal power. The method employs a discrete mirror model to calculate performance metrics within a tower type heliostat field, taking into account factors that affect the heliostat's optical efficiency, such as cosine efficiency, shadow-blocking efficiency, atmospheric transmittance, and truncation efficiency. Experiments have shown that cosine efficiency is the primary factor affecting optical efficiency. The annual average value of cosine efficiency is 0.7544, while the average atmospheric transmittance is 0.9652. Additionally, the annual average shadow-blocking efficiency is 0.8471, and the annual average truncation efficiency is 0.8127. Therefore, the comprehensive annual average optical efficiency is calculated to be 0.4627. The annual average thermal power output is determined to be 28MW by utilizing the average optical efficiency of each heliostat and the locality's average normal direct radiation. The average output per unit area of mirror surface is 0.4504kw/m² .

Mining excavation refers to the process of extracting metals, coal, diamonds, oil, natural gas, and other rare geological substances from the underground. The mining industry involves many aspects of safety and environmental issues, therefore it requires a high level of management and regulation to ensure that mining activities have minimal impact on the environment and ensure the safety of miners and other workers. In traditional mining, due to uncontrollable factors in the real world, such as weather, geological conditions, efficiency and wear of various machinery and equipment during the mining process, the difficulty and risk of mining are relatively high. Digital twin technology can help mining enterprises evaluate and simulate the mining process in a virtual environment. Based on the advantages of the Cesium development framework and the needs of mine excavation, this article combines mine surface excavation with Cesium to create a real model of the mine, simulate the actual excavation situation at different locations of the mine, improve the mining and utilization efficiency of geological resources, prevent potential safety and environmental risks, promote sustainable mine development, and play a certain guarantee role in mine safety excavation.

The challenges posed by the low boiling point and limited latent heat of vaporization (LHV) are prominent during the sea transportation of liquid hydrogen. To comprehend the dynamics of liquid hydrogen in storage tanks under varying sloshing conditions, this study develops a three-dimensional numerical model using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. The investigation focuses on the effects of sloshing frequency and amplitude on the distribution of liquid and gas phases, along with associated temperature field changes. The study's findings reveal that brief periods of sloshing result in a decrease in temperature and pressure within the liquid hydrogen storage tanks, enhancing their safety. However, higher oscillation frequencies and amplitudes can significantly impact the movement of liquid hydrogen within the tank, inducing interface instability and thereby jeopardizing the normal navigation of liquid hydrogen carriers.

To further optimize the energy balance of industrial parks and reduce energy consumption, a new collaborative strategy planning method of consolidated energy network in low-carbon industrial parks was studied. To ascertain the electrical power generated by photovoltaics and wind turbines, a photovoltaic array and a wind power generation model have been constructed. Based on this, consider calculating the structural heat dissipation of low-carbon industrial parks, establishing the maximum power control model, calculating the output power of the electric energy of low-carbon industrial parks at the maximum power point, establishing the total load objective function, and controlling the objective function to always maintain the minimum value, which can effectively reduce the comprehensive energy loss of low-carbon industrial parks, and the collaborative planning of a comprehensive energy system within low-carbon industrial parks was successfully realized. The experimental outcomes confirm that the consumption of energy for heating and cooling is significantly reduced following the implementation of the proposed method, and the equilibrium is significantly optimized compared with the methods in the literature. And the application of the designed method results in a lower maximum energy power value, thereby demonstrating its superior effectiveness in energy consumption planning.

Pd catalyzed electrochemical reduction process shows great promising in the safe and effective treatment of various pollutants, with additional merits like reagent-free and using sustainable electricity. However, the low Pd mass activity, and the unsatisfactory electron utilization efficiency, or the low faraday efficiency impedes their real-world application. In this study, we take advantage of the high conductivity, surface hydrophilicity of Co₂N, and designed Pd/Co₂N electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of NO₃^-, a highly concerned water borne pollutant. The Pd/Co₂N was synthesized by in-situ nitridation of Pd/Co₃O₄ NSs, which was synthesized from the co-reduction of CoCl₂ and PdCl₄^2- in the presence nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114). Our Pd/Co₂N showed high activity in the reduction of NO₃^-, with NH₃ as the primary product. Besides showing the fore-hand of conversion waste into key chemicals, this work demonstrated the judicious selection of support for the rear-earth abundant Pd could make the base of highly efficient Pd catalyst.

A sulfuric acid-based process was proposed for the extraction of zinc and indium from a sample of high iron-bearing zinc calcine. The influence of initial concentration of acid solution, reaction time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and leaching temperature on the extents of Zn, In and Fe were comprehensively investigated. The preferred experimental conditions were the initial concentration of acid solution 180 g·L^-1, a reaction time 1 h, a leaching temperature 80℃, and a liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) 5:1, in which the highest leaching extents of Zn, In and Fe were up to 82.92%, 25.64%, and 9.75%, respectively. Finally, the dissolution kinetics of zinc and indium from zinc calcine were investigated in detail resulting in obtaining apparent activation energies for their respective leaching process as 20.12 kJ·mol^-1 for zinc and 7.85 kJ·mol^-1 for indium, and the semi-empirical kinetic equations of zinc and indium were also established.

Tin-silicate zeolites represent a significant class of Lewis acid, garnering widespread attention for their excellent catalytic properties. Sn-β zeolites not only exhibit the catalytic oxidation of tin element but also possess the shape-selective function and robust stability inherent to molecular sieves. Recently, the structures of active sites in Sn-β zeolites are predominantly determined using solid-state NMR techniques, which entail a substantial analytical workload. Herein, we employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) method for the establishment models for T1- and T6-type Sn sites in Sn-β zeolites and predicted their ¹¹⁹Sn NMR informatics. The findings demonstrated that when the ONIOM computational method is applied, the prediction results of layered model of Sn-β structural information align fundamentally with the trends reported in the literature for ¹¹⁹Sn NMR characterizations.

Spectrophotometry is a widely used determination method because of its fast, simple and simple instrument. In this paper, spectrophotometric determination of cysteine using 2,2'-bipyridine color system is explored. Under certain experimental conditions, the sulfhydryl (-SH) contained in cysteine can quantitatively reduce Fe (Ⅲ) to Fe (Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅱ) and 2,2'-bipyridine to produce orange-red complexes. A directly proportional relationship between the amount of orange-red complex and the dosage of cysteine added. So, the determination of cysteine content can be obtained by indirectly determining the absorbance of orange-red complexes. Under the optimal experimental conditions, standard curve equation is A=75.232C+0.0129 (mg/mL) when the cysteine concentration is in 0.0008000 ~ 0.009600 mg/mL. The determination results of cysteine content in food grade cysteine is satisfactory.

Enhancing the redox properties of catalytic materials can improve their economic viability and selectivity, enabling more efficient catalytic reactions and reducing production costs. The preparation of catalytic materials with high redox activity has become a hot research topic, yet systematic studies still need to be done. This review focuses on the quantitative characterization methods for redox activity, summarizes different preparation methods for catalytic materials with high redox activity, analyzes the chemical and physical mechanisms involved in the preparation process, establishes the correlation between oxygen vacancy defects and catalytic activity, and provides an outlook on future research directions. This study aims to elucidate the influence and limitations of material elemental characteristics, oxygen vacancy properties, and structural properties on the preparation of catalytic materials with high redox activity.

At present, some provinces and regions in China have established compensation and allocation mechanisms for auxiliary services of peak regulation and frequency modulation, which have played a certain role in promoting clean energy consumption. However, with the further liberalization of the power generation plan and the continuous deepening of the spot market construction pilot, the compensation and allocation mechanism of auxiliary services under the original plan mode has been difficult to meet the needs of the power market construction, and there is a certain lack of connection between peak regulation and the spot market. It is urgent to coordinate and promote the construction of auxiliary service market and spot power energy market. Establish and improve the auxiliary service market system and trading mechanism, and give full play to the decisive role of the market mechanism in guiding the optimal allocation of power resources and reflecting the value of different power resources.

In response to the National Grid's initiative for rapid isolation of permanent faults, this paper proposes a rapid and safe disposal technique for grounding faults by regulating the neutral point voltage. Targeting permanent grounding faults, the technique regulates the neutral point voltage to elevate the fault phase voltage, thereby increasing the characteristics of high-resistance grounding and achieving high sensitivity grounding protection. Additionally, a control strategy of "ground fault suppression - load transfer - fault line segment isolation" is proposed. Taking the example of on-site distributed feeder-level rapid intelligent FA, this paper designs an active voltage boosting protection scheme for distribution grid systems to achieve rapid isolation of permanent faults and uninterrupted load transfer in non-fault segments.

Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are considered as cost-effective energy storage solutions for grid-scale applications. However, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities severely prevent the scale-up and commercialization process of LMBs. We verified the reliability of inserting a concentric insulating column into a three-layer liquid metal battery to suppress magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. Additionally, the column must have electrical insulation and magnetic insulation properties. Research indicates that this method can change the distribution of induced magnetic fields inside the battery, thereby reducing internal Lorentz forces. By suppressing internal instabilities, this method enhances charge/discharge efficiency and facilitates the large-scale deployment of individual liquid metal batteries.

Derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), carbon-based materials have attracted significant attention as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Nonetheless, their effectiveness is impeded by insufficient electrical conductivity. To enhance the overall conductivity and efficiency of ZIF-8 particles, the onedimensional porous carbon was synthesized using a polymer generated from resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) as a binder. The results suggest that the presence of the one-dimensional structure not only enhances electron transfer among ZIF-8 particles and preserves a substantial effective porosity but also endows the material with exceptional ORR activity in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte.

In this paper, a novel Zinc-tetraamino-phthalocyanine (ZnTAPc) sensitized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst was successfully prepared for the degradation of pollutant, and the catalyst was analyzed by XRD and SEM. ZnTAPc and g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst (ZnTAPc/g-C₃N₄) broadens the absorption capacity of visible light, effectively enhances the charge transport, improves the photocatalytic performance. Using Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene blue (MB) as a model pollutant to evaluated the catalytic ability of catalyst. ZnTAPc/g-C₃N₄ showed excellent RhB and MB degradation performance under visible light. Therefore, this work proposes a green and effective photocatalyst for pollutant treatment.

To address the problem of inconsistency in the state-of-charge (SOC) of series-connected battery packs that leads to the reduction of the efficiency and lifetime of the battery packs, this paper proposes an active equalization topology based on a buck-boost converter, which controls the state of the inductors through the on/off of switches. The proposed circuit has flexible equalization paths that allow different equalization processes to be performed simultaneously, improving the equalization time efficiency. In this paper, a two-stage equalization control strategy with "variable step" equalization current is proposed, and the range of SOC is used as the equalization object of the battery pack. MATLAB/Simulink software was used to build the model and equalization system for liquid metal batteries (LMBs), and the LMBs were simulated and analyzed in the static state, constant current discharge condition and DST dynamic discharge condition, respectively. The analysis of the simulation results shows that the equalization control system has high equalization efficiency and equalization accuracy, and can effectively improve the consistency of the SOC of LMB packs.

The corrosion behavior of pipeline steel under DC current interference under cathodic protection was studied by means of electrochemical experiment. The results show that the cathodic protection polarization potential shifts forward and increases linearly with the increase of current density when the X65 pipeline steel is subjected to DC interference. When the DC current density is 10A/m², the cathodic protection system has failed. By gradually reducing the negative protection potential, the polarization potential of X65 test piece is shifted negatively. After providing negative protection potential of -1V, the polarization potential of X65 specimen reaches about -0.8V, which can provide good cathodic protection effect. With the continuous negative adjustment of the cathodic protection potential, the corrosion rate gradually increases, so the cathodic protection potential can give a better corrosion protection effect when it is about -1V.

Using rhodamine 6G, hydrazine hydrate, and 9-anthracene as raw materials, a ratio-based fluorescent probe compound RHA based on rhodamine-anthralaldehyde derivatives was successfully synthesized. The structure of the probe compound was characterized by ¹H NMR. The selectivity, anti-interference, detection limit and response time of the probe compound to metal ions were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and colorimetry. The results show that the probe compound can selectively recognize Hg²⁺, its color change can be seen with the naked eye, and has certain anti-interference. The detection limit is 5.27×10^-6 mol·L^-1. In addition, the response of the probe compound to Hg²⁺ is also very fast, and it can react completely in 90 minutes.

The determination of selenocysteine was investigated based on the fact that the -SeH bond in selenols can specifically undergo nucleophilic addition reaction with the Se-N bond in benzoselenadiazole. The results obtained showed that the pH of t determination system was 4.7 and the optimum temperature was 37°C. The linear relationship was F=90.246c+298.36, and the correlation coefficient R² was 0.9916. The relative error of this method was less than 2.2%, and the recoveries were in the range of 96.6%~103%. This experimental method is based on the nucleophilic addition reaction of -SeH, which enables the rapid and accurate determination of selenocysteine without catalysis, heating and long waiting time. This approach provides some reference for the study of the physiological significance of selenium.

To achieve carbon neutrality in China, exploring the sustainable development path of future nuclear power has emerged as a crucial issue. Given the characteristics of both existing and emerging nuclear power technologies, this study presents a vision for the future nuclear fission energy fuel cycle in China. Based on this vision, a simulation model for the future nuclear power fuel cycle has been established. Under the commercial operation conditions of various new generation nuclear power technologies, scenarios outlining the future installed capacity of each technology have been carefully designed. These scenarios allow for the simulation of spent fuel accumulation, annual uranium demand for nuclear power, and the accumulated volume of radioactive nuclear waste. The findings indicate that a robust push towards new generation nuclear power technologies will significantly reduce spent fuel accumulation and uranium demand, thereby enhancing the sustainability of nuclear power development. Notably, ADANES stands out as a particularly promising technology in this regard. However, it is imperative to recognize that uranium-plutonium cycle technologies may contribute to the growth of radioactive nuclear waste. Therefore, active research on innovative radioactive nuclear waste disposal methods is necessary to mitigate this challenge. This study addresses a gap in existing research, as it provides a comprehensive analysis of the future installation planning of new generation nuclear energy technology. By doing so, it contributes to the ongoing efforts towards achieving carbon neutrality in China through the sustainable development of nuclear power.

The dehydration of D-fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural for producing fluid fuels and enhanced-value chemicals had obtained considerable attention. Here, we synthesized the Brønsted-acidic ionic liquids and evaluated the catalytic efficiency in terms of the dehydration of D-fructose. The influence of various factors such as catalyst type, solvents, reaction time, and temperature on the dehydration reaction was investigated. 110 °C, 100 min and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as reaction solvents are the best condition for dehydration reactions, achieving a 90% yield of HMF. Notably, the triazolium-based ionic liquids (Tri-ILs) exhibited superior catalytic activity outperforming imidazolium-based ionic liquids (Imi-ILs) under the identical condition. The more acidic C5-H caused by the substitute of carbon by the electron-withdrawing nitrogen atom leaded to the improvement of catalytic performance.

The corrosion behavior of pipeline steel under the interference of stray current under cathodic protection was studied by means of electrochemical experiment. The results show that with the increase of AC current density, the corrosion potential of pipeline steel shifts negatively and the tendency of metal corrosion increases. Ac interference promoted the anodic oxidation reaction in positive half cycle of AC, and the corrosion rate of pipeline steel increased. The increase of AC frequency shorens the corrosion time of AC positive half-cycle pipeline steel, reduces the Faraday current that promotes metal oxidation reaction, and decreases the corrosion rate of pipeline steel.