This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13220, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

The Francis turbine shaft-system consists of a hydraulic-turbine runner, generator-rotor, hydraulic-turbine shaft andgenerator shaft, which is the key component of the hydraulic-turbine unit, and the status of the shaft-systeminstallationaffects the safety and reliability of the hydraulic-turbine unit directly. The rotor-dynamic characteristics of a large-scaleFrancis turbine shaft-system under different rotating speeds were calculated with the finite-element method (FEM) inthis paper. The results show that the vibration motion of the studied shaft-system is a bending mode. The rotatingspeedof the unit has significant influences on the rotor-dynamic characteristics of the Francis turbine shaft-system, includingits natural-frequencies, vibration modes and critical-speed. By comparing the critical-speed with the rated and runawayspeed of the Francis turbine shaft-system, the evaluation shows that the shaft-system operates in safe conditions. Theresearch provides theoretical support and practical reference for on-site assembly, safe production and operationofprototype hydroelectric units. The conclusions can be extended to the high-quality installation and operation of other large hydroelectric generating units, pumps and pump-turbine units.

Use the CFX software to numerically simulate the inverted umbrella Landy 7 and Landy 7-15 impeller with a blade deflection of 15 degrees. The influence of blade deflection on flow characteristics around the impeller, the variations of pressure difference, liquid velocity, and liquid phase turbulence following the change of blade deflection angle were discussed, which was then verified by the PIV test. The results showed that the surface disturbance performance of Landy 7-15 was better than Landy 7. The negative pressure area on the back of the impeller of Landy 7-15 was more evenly distributed, with an enormous pressure difference, higher liquid velocity, and more obvious turbulence than Landy 7, which can improve the impeller’s aeration efficiency. The turbulent value of Landy 7 was slightly higher than that of Landy 7-15 in the region near the bottom. Landy 7 also has stronger pushing force and agitation on water. This study could provide technical references for the structure optimization of the impeller.

This paper studies the impact of gear material and lubricating oil on gear under oil tracking technology. At present, many problems are still puzzling the coal mining industry. Due to its poor working environment, once a problem occurs, it will affect the whole coal mining process, causing economic losses and even casualties. To reduce the occurrence of accidents, this technology can locate the worn parts in the system by tracking the wear of abrasive particles in the oil, to prevent the accidents caused by the wear and damage of parts due to too long working time. Through the study of material properties and the experimental test of mechanical properties, according to the impact of various factors on the oil, explore the gear material selection under the coal mine production environmental the impact of oil on the shearer drives gear. The strength and service life of the gear are related to the continuous safe operation of the coal-winning machine. It is of strategic significance to study the wear of abrasive particles in the lubricating oil and predict the service life of the corresponding parts to provide a safe and powerful guarantee for the coal mining operation under a severe environment.

Spring is a kind of elastic element widely used in various fields and also has a large number of applications in many high-temperature equipment. The bearing situation and working environment of spring in engineering use are complicated, which brings difficulties in studying and predicting its effectiveness. In this paper, stress relaxation experiments are carried out on stainless steel at temperatures of 300°C, 500°C and 600°C, and initial loads of 100MPa, 145MPa and 190MPa, respectively. The effects of temperature and initial load on stress relaxation behaviour are studied, and creep constitutive equations are obtained by using stress relaxation curves. The stress relaxation failure form of spring is simulated by Abaqus software. The stress relaxation curve of the spring at 500°C is obtained. It is found that with the increase of initial load and temperature, the relaxation amount increases, the stress relaxation rate becomes faster, and the material is more prone to deformation. The stress relaxation of the material is the result of the joint action of temperature and stress. At this time, the stress is concentrated on the inner side, which shows that the inner side of the spring is more vulnerable to damage under long-term load and high temperature. After 80 hours, the stress relaxation phenomenon tends to be stable at high temperatures. This conclusion provides a theoretical basis for the deformation of springs in high temperature or complex environments, and also provides technical support for the application scenarios of springs.

Vehicle vibration reduction technology is of great significance in the modern automobile industry, as it directly affects ride comfort and driving stability. Researching and developing suspension optimization design methods based on multibody dynamics not only helps solve the problems faced by current vehicle vibration reduction technology, but also provides new ideas and methods for the development of future automobile technology. This article took vehicle suspension as the research object and conducted multibody dynamic optimization design on it. Firstly, this article elaborated on the research background and significance of vehicle vibration reduction technology, and summarized the important developments and challenges faced in this field. On this basis, this article combined mechanical vibration control with the design principles of vehicle suspension systems, and established a multibody dynamic optimization design method based on multibody systems. This article aims to improve the ride comfort and driving stability of the entire vehicle by optimizing the suspension structure and parameters to suppress vehicle vibration. The research results of this article provide new approaches and methods for the design of vehicle suspension structures and vibration reduction research.

In the process of three-axis single pass progressive forming of hole-flanging, severe thickness reduction often occurs on the side wall. Based on the five axis single pass progressive forming, this paper changes the extrusion angle during the process of hole-flanging, and uses ANSYS finite element software to conduct numerical simulation research on the forming process of CNC progressive forming of hole-flanging with different extrusion angles. The influence of different extrusion angles on the forming quality of NC incremental forming hole-flanging was explored by comparing and analyzing the numerical simulation contour dimension accuracy, roundness and thickness distribution after flanging. The results show that when the extrusion angle is larger, the contour curve fitting degree is higher, the pressing end bulge height is smaller, the roundness is better, the thickness distribution is more uniform, and the forming quality is higher.

2B06 aluminum alloy profiles are widely used in the aviation field. In actual conditions, profiles need to be changed on the basis of the original shape or Angle. The more commonly used forming method is hard material forming, that is, direct forming through the traditional cold stamping. But the impact in the process of stamping may cause the material defects and lead to the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the profiles. And aluminum alloy in the newly quenched state has better plasticity, the stamping process produces smaller springback and surface defects. In this paper, 2B06 aluminum alloy L profile is taken as the research object. The L profile is changed from 90° to 93° by newly quenched forming and hard forming respectively. Compared with the traditional hard material forming process, the influence of the new hardening process on the mechanical properties of the profile was explored. The microstructure changes were further explored by metallograph observation and SEM scanning. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties of the newly quenched profiles are improved obviously, the plasticity of the profiles is improved to a certain extent, and the failure load is increased by 14.8 percent. The tensile fracture of the newly quenched profile is ductile fracture, and the composite fracture of dimple and quasi-cleavage plane is formed by hard material forming.

To address the process automation requirements in the manufacturing of perforating charges (a type of civilian explosive), and improve the intrinsic safety level of the production, an automated system for weighing and filling explosives was designed based on the volumetric quantification method innovatively integrating electromagnetic vibration feeding compensation. Firstly, based on the decomposition of manufacturing process flow and design technical indicators, the system functional architecture and device assembly structure model were formed and derived from the substructure method. Secondly, a detailed design of each substructure within the device was carried out based on process technical indicators. Finally, a prototype was manufactured, and experiments were conducted to verify the measurement accuracy and efficiency. The results indicate that the application of this system in operation is impacted by the bulk density of different batches of explosives, affecting the weighing accuracy and stability. However, upon overall evaluation, the designed system demonstrates high comprehensive measurement accuracy and high stability, meeting the manufacturing requirements for perforating charges. Additionally, it significantly improves operational efficiency, more than 1.6 times the efficiency of traditional manual operation. Furthermore, with appropriate modifications, it still has significant potential for efficiency improvement.

The engine crank connecting rod mechanism is an important part of the engine and faces complex working conditions. In order to better analyse the structural principles of diesel engine components and to explore reasonable assembly paths, the basic parameters of a certain model of diesel engine used as reference, a three-dimensional model of each component of the engine crank connecting rod mechanism was constructed using CATIA software and product assembly was carried out. After the modeling was completed, based on known data and standard parameters, a theoretical analysis of the crank connecting rod mechanism was conducted in dynamics. The model was imported into ADAMS, and component constraints and appropriate driver programs were added. Multi body dynamics simulation was performed on the completed virtual prototype, obtaining AVI simulation animations and obtaining the motion change curves of the main components of the system. The virtual assembly and motion simulation of diesel engine crank connecting rod mechanism can clearly observe the structure of components and the action principle of diesel engine, verify the feasibility of assembly sequence and path of various components of large diesel engine, analyze the optimal assembly sequence, determine the optimal assembly path, improve the assembly quality of parts and final assembly, and reduce assembly costs.

In order to improve the lightweight optimization effect of commercial vehicles, a certain flat-head commercial vehicle cab is used as the research object to establish a geometric model of the commercial vehicle cab. Through stiffness calculation, bending deformation of the cab longitudinal beam and calculation of the windshield door frame Deformation analysis to evaluate the stiffness performance of the cab model. A free modal analysis is carried out, with the Z-direction displacement under bending conditions and the first-order torsional natural frequency not being less than the initial value as constraints, and the minimum cab weight and torsional deformation as the optimization objectives. The 16 selected products were screened by relative sensitivity analysis. The thickness variables are optimized for design, and the NSGAII genetic algorithm is used for multi-objective optimization, and the solution that meets various performance requirements and has smaller quality is selected as the optimized solution. The optimization results show that while the cab weight is reduced by 13kg, the stiffness performance is significantly improved, with a weight reduction rate of 3.44%, and the optimization effect is significant.

This paper investigates the finite-time boundedness (FTB) and robust control of switched linear systems with unstable systems (SLS-US) by utilizing mode-dependent average dwell time (MDADT). Due to the consideration of the presence of unstable subsystems in our work, this paper distinguishes between switching signals in stable and unstable cases based on the characteristic of allowing each subsystem to have independent average dwell time (ADT) according to MDADT. Stable subsystems utilize slow MDADT (SMDADT), whereas unstable subsystems employ fast MDADT (FMDADT). This switching behaviour effectively addresses the energy increment caused by the divergence of unstable systems. This paper presents the necessary conditions to achieve the H∞ performance index within the SLS-US. Moreover, it outlines the design of a state-feedback controller aimed at resolving the H∞ control problem within the closed-loop system. The verification of the proposed result is conducted through linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, the paper confirms the practicality of the proposed theory.

In order to further study the feasibility of using ring-groove rivet connection instead of bolt connection in the middle node of transmission tower, the loosening test of 6.8-level ring-groove rivet, 8.8-level ring-groove rivet and bolts of the same specification under transverse cyclic load is carried out respectively. Combined with data analysis, the fitting of the double exponential curve model to the clamping force curve of the ring-groove rivet is explored. The results show that under the action of lateral vibration, the anti-loosening performance of the ring-groove rivet is better than that of the bolt due to its unique connection mode. The parameters in the double exponential function can reflect the influence of amplitude and initial preload on the anti-loosening performance of ring-groove rivets. Therefore, it is feasible to use ring slot rivet connection instead of bolt connection in the middle node of transmission tower, which will provide guarantee for the safety and stability of transmission tower.

As a key component in the drive axle assembly, the performance of the drive axle housing directly affects the driving safety and transportation efficiency of the car. The strength and stiffness of the drive axle housing are important factors affecting its load-bearing capacity. Especially under overloading, insufficient strength and stiffness of the drive axle housing can lead to faults such as oil leakage, cracking at the weld seam, and fracture at the shaft head. By researching and improving the drive axle housing, it can effectively improve the driving safety and transportation efficiency of automobiles, and meet market demand. This article takes the driving axle housing of a heavy truck as an example, establishes a three-dimensional finite element analysis model, and uses computer CAE technology to analyze its structural strength using the ANSYS working platform. The analysis results indicate that they are all smaller than the allowable values for the design of the drive axle housing matrix material, and the design meets the requirements. This analysis result has been applied to design, providing practical reference and guidance for enterprises to design, manufacture, inspect, and optimize their products.

As an important part of the pipeline, the structure and material of the elbow greatly affect the service life of the pipeline. By analyzing the flow field of a bend with a certain bending length under different pipe diameters and different bending angles, the changes of pressure and velocity between the inlet and the outlet are studied. The Bernoulli equation is used to predict the relationship between the pressure loss and the velocity change at the outlet of the elbow, and the pressure loss at the outlet is calculated theoretically. Fluent is used to simulate and numerically calculate the pressure and velocity distribution of the elbow. The results show that: when the pipe diameter is constant, the smaller the bending angle, the smaller the pressure loss at the outlet of the elbow; under the same bending angle, the pressure loss decreases with the increase of the pipe diameter; when the pressure loss increases with the increase of the angle, the velocity increase is relatively large for a pipe with a bend angle of 90°.

Reducers, especially mining industrial reducers, play a vital role in mechanical transmission systems, and their manufacturing process has an indispensable position in the overall industry. This paper utilizes vibration monitoring technology to conduct a comprehensive study on the vibration characteristics of CR01 crushing reducer. First of all, the use of vibration monitor to monitor the vibration status, access to the reducer in different working conditions of the vibration data, the use of spectral analysis methods for in-depth analysis of these data, to get the location of the vibration anomalies and the reasons. In view of the abnormal vibration of the reducer, this paper adopts the gear shaping as a vibration reduction measure, and has been experimentally verified. The results not only help to optimize the designofCR01 crushing reducer and improve its efficiency and reliability, but also provide a valuable reference for the vibration control of other similar mechanical equipment.

In view of the unique characteristics of the traditional potato seedling killing machine, such as poor seedling killing effect, excessive seedling residue during seedling killing, uneven stubble height, etc. in hilly area, the structural design of the potato seedling killing machine is optimized and the three-dimensional simulation software static analysis is conducted. A potato double-shafts seedling killing machine was developed for hilly areas. The machine adopts double shafts to work together, can realize the functions of seedling picking, seedling breaking, seedling smashing and the like, and adopts an imitation ridge type seedling picking blade, and can be used for picking up the seedling at the lower ridge and crushing the seedling after high-speed operation. The machine can effectively improve the potato seedling killing efficiency, has good seedling killing performance, can meet the agronomic requirements of potato planting in hilly areas, has the characteristics of compact structure, good flexibility, working stably, simple maintenance and the like, and can finish the cleaning work of potato seedlings at one time. Through the field experiment of the prototype, it can reach the technical standards of 90.3% qualified rate of broken stems and leaves, 5.3% of missing rate, 0.5% damaging rate of the potato and 118 mm stubble height, which can meet the requirements of relevant function and performance. The results can be used for reference to improve the technical level of potato seedling killing in hilly area

With the development of society, terrorist bombings happen from time to time. As a new type of material, foam concrete is widely used in building structures, and its antiknock performance has received extensive attention. However, the current research is limited to its mechanical properties and protective effects, ignoring its own dynamic response and energy absorption characteristics. In this paper, the influence of thickness variation on the response and energy absorption characteristics of foam concrete was studied by numerical simulation based on aluminum alloy plates covered by foam concrete with different thickness at 0.8m/kg1/3 ratio detonation distance. The results show that with the increase of the thickness of foam concrete, the damage area decreases and the absorbed energy increases. When the thickness of foam concrete reaches 30mm, the size of the crushing zone is only 2.9% of the whole, and the absorbed energy accounts for 91.9% of the total energy of the explosion wave. This shows that foam concrete has strong anti-explosion properties, which can effectively attenuate the energy of the explosion wave and protect the coated building structure.

The existing research on the key parameters of the continuous mixer is mostly based on the dry and rigid concrete material. Facing the safety of firefighting operators in high-risk environments, this paper investigates a robot for mixing engineering composites, which can automatically monitor the homogeneity of the mixing and, together with an automatic material feeding system, can realize automated production. The mixing time is short, and the concrete maturity is poor when preparing the ready-mixed concrete. Based on the discrete element method, this study determined the simulation conditions of ready-mixed concrete, analyzed the key parameters of the continuous mixer, carried out the orthogonal simulation experiment of the multi-factor structural parameters of the continuous mixer, studied the influence of different structural parameters on the mixing time, mixing uniformity and productivity, and determined the best parameters: The blade installation Angle is 25°, the stirring linear speed is 2.0m/s, the central intersection area accounts for 15%, and the axial clearance of adjacent blades is 1.5D. It is beneficial for improving the performance of continuous mixers and the quality of concrete.

This study is grounded in the context of intelligent manufacturing and focuses on the design and optimization of processing techniques for transmission shaft parts. Firstly, it introduces the application of intelligent manufacturing technology in the industrial domain, elucidating the production processes, equipment selection, and fixture schemes for transmission shaft part processing. Subsequently, a three-dimensional model of the transmission shaft is established using Solidworks software, and the processing technology database information for the transmission shaft parts is established through the software’s secondary development. By employing open interfaces for CAPP process planning and utilizing the Solidworks platform, an intelligent decision-making system is formulated, enabling the automatic generation of the three-dimensional processing techniques for the transmission shaft parts. Finally, through artificial intelligence incorporating methods such as neural networks, human-computer interaction, modeling, and decision-making, a series of efficient CNC machining tasks are successfully accomplished. The proposed processing techniques are effectively applied in a specific enterprise, yielding favorable results, and also provide valuable insights for China's manufacturing industry.

Initiation explosive devices are prone to deform under a certain impact load. With the development of new high-overload ammunition and composite warhead ammunition, initiation explosive devices are faced with the requirement of high overload resistance. The information of product overload can be obtained by using Hopkinson bar or air cannon, but the changing process of product under overload impact cannot be obtained. To get dynamic mechanical properties and the weak parts of the shell when stab-delayed explosive devices, a typical mechanical initiating explosive device, are under high overload impact, ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element numerical simulation method is used to study the deformation characteristics and rules of the shell and main charge under high overload impact, and the split Hopkinson pressure bar technology is used to verify the deformation for the shell of stab-delayed explosive devices. The results all show that the weakest parts of the stab-delayed explosive device caused by overload impact were identified as the input end, middle and output end. Under the unconstrained overload impact, the deformation rate of the output end is lower than that of the input end and the middle part. There is a linear relationship between the compression deformation rate of the total length of stab-delayed explosive device and the overload impact. The results provide theoretical and technical support for the design of the stab-delayed explosive device suitable for harsh mechanical environments in the future.

With the improvement of people's living standard, noise pollution has become a growing concern. For many of the field work needs of the cabin, setting the diesel generator set for a long time power supply is essential. Diesel generators are usually arranged in the oil compartment, and the oil compartment is a closed envelope structure, the noise structure design directly affect the surrounding noise level. Based on the equivalent circuit model, this paper makes a parametric study on the single-layer micro-perforated plate sound absorber by MATLAB numerical simulation, and analyzes the influence of various structural parameters on the sound absorption performance of the whole machine. By optimizing the double-layer micro-perforated plate composite structure using a genetic algorithm, the full absorption coefficient curve can be obtained in the required noise frequency band.. Genetic algorithms are a class of randomized search methods evolved by drawing on the laws of evolution in biology (survival of the fittest, meritocratic genetic mechanism). Compared with the single-layer micro-perforated composite structure, the structure of the sound absorption coefficient and frequency range has been significantly improved.

The life prediction of robotic arm components is an important basis for equipment maintenance and production plan optimization. The current existing prediction models have a single data source, making it difficult to achieve reliable and comprehensive prediction of their operating status. In order to improve prediction accuracy and ensure the smooth progress of production work, this article combines sensor data fusion to study the life prediction of robotic arm components. In this article, the arm component is taken as the object, and based on sensor data collection, multi-source data is fused. A prediction model is constructed using support vector machine (SVM). To verify the effectiveness of the model, this article conducts experimental analysis from two aspects: feature recognition and prediction accuracy. In accuracy analysis, compared to artificial neural network (ANN) and convolutional neural network (CNN), the average prediction accuracy of our method has been improved by 11.5% and 12.2%, respectively. The conclusion indicates that the life prediction of robotic arm components based on sensor data fusion has good accuracy results and can provide objective reference for production technology.

In the process of CNC progressive forming hole-flanging, compared to the single pass forming strategy, adopting a multi pass forming scheme can achieve better forming quality. On the basis of three passes of CNC progressive forming, the article conducts a numerical simulation study on the forming quality of CNC progressive forming hole-flanging using three different forming angle combinations: incremental allocation, equal difference allocation, and decreasing allocation, using ANSYS finite element software. By analyzing the contour dimension accuracy, roundness and thickness distribution of the numerical simulation test pieces after flanging, the influence of different forming angle combinations on the forming quality of NC incremental forming hole-flanging was explored. The analysis results show that the combination forming scheme with three passes of decreasing distribution of forming angle spacing can obtain better contour dimension accuracy, roundness and thickness distribution, but the combination forming scheme with three passes of decreasing distribution of forming angle spacing can obtain lower protrusion of the pressing end.

Due to the large size of grounded aircraft and the difficulty in using shielding cloth to completely cover the aircraft, it is necessary to study efficient RCS shielding schemes for grounded aircraft to ensure that they can quickly hide on the spot. By covering key parts, the RCS of the aircraft can be reduced, the probability of being detected by radar can be reduced, and the survival rate of the aircraft can be improved. The geometric model of the aircraft is established using SolidWorks, and the RCS distribution of the electromagnetic model is determined by FEKO simulation calculation. Suitable shielding materials are selected to design the shielding scheme, and the radar characteristics of the shielding model are simulated and calculated. The effectiveness of the shielding scheme is evaluated by comparing the RCS distribution with the numerical change results. The study found that using magnetic absorbers combined with high-toughness epoxy resin materials reduced the average RCS by 10.757 dBm² at a frequency of 9.14 GHz after coating the aircraft model, providing a theoretical basis for practical applications.

Carbon dioxide refrigeration system is an indispensable equipment in modern industrial production, which plays an important role in maintaining the temperature and humidity of the production environment. Traditional air conditioning systems suffer from high energy consumption and inflexible adjustments during operation. This article is based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and uses HMM to monitor real-time parameters such astemperature and humidity in the production environment, and adjust the system operation status accordingly. Hidden Markov Models make predictions based on historical data when the load changes, automatically adjust the operating mode of the refrigeration system, and improve the energy efficiency and stability of the system. The response time for static load adjustment strategies under low load, medium load, and high load is all above 30 seconds, while the average response time for dynamic load adjustment strategies based on HMM is within 30 seconds. The dynamic load adjustment strategy based on HMM has a faster adjustment response speed than the static load adjustment strategy, which comes from the real-time prediction and adaptive control mechanism of the system state. This article proves that this strategy can improve the load adaptability and energy efficiency of refrigeration systems, while reducing system operating costs, and has high engineering application value.

The traditional manufacturing system cannot effectively coordinate and balance control over multiple functional segments in the design process. This not only results in certain errors in the connection between functional segments, but also leads to lower precision in welding and assembly of mechanical components, thereby affecting the production yield of specific manufactured objects. Based on the above problems, an intelligent manufacturing system based on AI parameter correction is proposed. By establishing a hardware configuration for AI data collection and redesigning the hardware framework, real-time data collection for different functional segments can be achieved. The key point is to implement parameter correction during the handover process between functional segments through AI analysis and calculation of the data, ensuring the manufacturing system's yield rate. This method is applied to shipbuilding, and the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed design system are demonstrated through a comparison of yield rates with traditional manufacturing systems.

The effects of the initial clamping force, the number of plates and the area of plates on the deformation of 2050-T84 Al-Li alloy were studied. The pressure sensor is placed between the workpiece of the press plate through the four-point clamping plate, and the change of forward pressure and cutting force is measured simultaneously. In the process of machining, the forward pressure and the cutting force change dynamically at the same time, when the initial clamping force changes, the cutting force also changes. Workpiece deformation is the result of coupling of initial clamping force and cutting force. After machining, the flatness also changes with the initial clamping force. Due to the existence of "over-cutting" phenomenon, the surface smoothness of the machining area presents the characteristics of "convex". The initial clamping force of the surface has a significant effect on the deformation of the thin plate. Increasing the number of plates slightly reduces the deformation, and increasing the area of plates can effectively reduce the deformation.

A new transmission style of worm gearing, named modified roller enveloping toroidal worm gearing, with multi-worm gear teeth meshing is proposed in order to enhance the loading capacity, transmission accuracy and efficiency of worm gearing. According to the principle of gear engagement, the dynamic coordinate axis method was used to establish the fixed and moving coordinate axes of this new transmission style and the moving coordinate axis at the conjugate point. The calculation formulas of meshing performance parameters such as induced principal curvature, lubrication angle and relative entrainment velocity were derived. Finally, the influence of design parameters such as throat coefficient, transmission ratio and roller root radius on the meshing performance of this transmission style were analyzed. The results showed the maximum lubrication angle of this transmission style is more than 88º, which has good lubrication performance. Larger throat coefficient, larger transmission ratio and suitable roller root radius can obtain excellent meshing performance under the conditions of satisfying the strength and stiffness of the toroidal worm’s throat diameters. The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the optimization, design and processing of this new transmission style.

Nowadays, solar power generation technology is in a rapid development stage, and the manufacturing technology and inspection technology around the photovoltaic power generation support are the hot spots of the current research. In view of the long size and high quality of the slot bracket, which is not convenient for long-distance moving measurement, and the existing inspection methods have low precision and poor efficiency, this paper aims to establish the normal root-mean-square error determination model of the slot bracket connecting plate surface based on the MATLAB software and design a set of real-time, stable and high-precision data acquisition system. Through the experiment, the normal deviation of the slot bracket to be tested is 0.5610mm, which is smaller than the standard value of face shape determination, indicating that the face shape of the bracket is qualified and the research method is of great practical value to improve the rapid processing of the slot bracket on-site inspection.

In order to understand the motion law and dynamic characteristics of illuminating projectile during airborne ejection, the structure optimization and system design of illuminating projectile are realized. ANSYS/LS-DYNA software was used to simulate the airborne ejection process of illuminating projectile, and the structure and motion of each part of the illuminating projectile are analyzed, and the action mechanism of the illuminating projectile and the motion characteristics between the projectile bottom, the umbrella torch system and the projectile body are obtained. The simulation results show that the strength of the projectile body and umbrella torch system can meet the operational requirements. There will be a collision between the projectile bottom and the umbrella torch systemin the process of airborne ejection. After the collision, the velocity of the two will have a step change in the opposite direction. The time interval of collision is increasing, and the number of collision is determined by the ejection velocity of the projectile bottom and the umbrella torch system. The projectile velocity of the projectile bottom and umbrella torch system, the projectile body in the stable state is 9.95m/s and 14.62m/s, respectively, which are 19.38% and 7.88%lower than the theoretical calculated values, respectively. The simulation results can be used as reference for the mechanical design and structural optimization of illuminating projectile.

This study optimized a multi-chamber biomass pyrolysis reactor for the thermal decomposition process of 0.75mmpoplar wood chips at 550 °C, considering the variation in particle properties throughout the biomass pyrolysis process and the change in residence time at each pyrolysis stage. Unsteady state calculations of gas-solid two-phase flow in the reactor under ambient conditions were primarily conducted using FLUENT 19.0 fluid simulation software. The study investigated the impact of gas velocity and chamber design on the alterations of solid-phase particle transport characteristics and fluidization properties. It delved into the migration of poplar wood chip particles during the pyrolysis process in the multi-chamber fluidized bed, selecting the optimal fluidization gas velocity for particles in each stage to enhance fluidization efficiency. The performance of the reactor was optimized by adjusting and modifying the inlet gas velocity of each chamber of the pyrolysis reactor. The results indicated that the best fluidization effect of particles and effective suppression of particle back-mixing were achieved in the first three chambers with inlet gas velocities of 0.40m/s, 0.42 m/s, and 0.39 m/s, respectively. This reduction in secondary pyrolysis of biomass particles led to increased bio-oil yield. This study provides a new approach for the design of biomass fast pyrolysis reactors, which is significant for the efficient utilization of biomass energy and the expansion of bio-oil production scale.

As an important component of the elevator traction system, wire rope carries all the loads of the elevator. How to detect the damage of wire ropes accurately and efficiently is currently an urgent problem that needs to be solved. The country has issued multiple standards to regulate the failure forms and scrapping conditions of steel wire ropes, such as GB/T 38803-2020, GB/T 8903-2018, GB/T 31821-2015. There are currently two main methods for electromagnetic testing of steel wire ropes, local damage detection method and metal cross-sectional area loss detection method. These two detection methods adopt the principles of leakage magnetic detection distance and main magnetic flux detection in electromagnetics. On the basis of studying the damage forms and scrapping conditions of wire ropes, we conduct magnetic induction detection tests through manual damage. The experimental results show that this method can effectively detect the damage degree and location of wire ropes, and has high guiding significance for on-site inspection of elevators.

In order to improve the inner wall finishing effect of metal-based ceramic coated blade shaped air holes for the safety and stability of the blade this paper is based on the new high-speed water-based abrasive two-phase flow polishing technology, the laser processing of metal-based ceramic coated blade shaped air holes for the finishing experiments, and to analyze the surface quality of ceramic-coated area of air holes before and after the polishing of the different processes, the surface roughness of the inner wall, and the port dimensional accuracy. With the gradual increase of the polishing pressure from 4 MPa to 5 MPa, the surface quality of the inner wall of the ports of the air-membrane holes increases and then decreases, and the chamfer size of the ports of the air-membrane holes and the enlarged size of the holes gradually increase. When the abrasive pressure is 4.5 MPa, the remelted layer of the inner wall of the gas film hole has been completely removed, the surface roughness reaches the lowest, and there is basically no destructive effect on the metal-ceramic heterogeneous transition interface. Finally, it is concluded that the two-phase flow of high-speed water-based abrasive particles has a better finishing effect on the metal-based ceramic coating of shaped air film holes, and is basically non-destructive to the metal-ceramic heterogeneous transition interface.

Focus on the aerodynamic drag reducing of slender body with the base cavity, configuration of the cavity is optimized by numerical method. There has been extensive investigation on the aerodynamic characteristics of cylindrical base cavity structures, but there is little research on base cavity with non-cylindrical configurations. Three kinds of base cavity which is different with tradition one, simple truncated-cone, half truncated-cone and half column, are investigated in the paper. Flow field parameters and of air drag coefficients for the three cases and the traditional cylindrical cavity were obtained by an axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. The calculation result shows that, the truncated-cone and column combined and the column is close to the base wall has the best aerodynamic drag reducing effect among the four cases calculated in this paper. Compared with traditional cylindrical structures, introducing a "cone" structure into the base cavity configuration is beneficial for reducing the aerodynamic resistance on a slender body. For the cavity configuration which mixed with cones and columns, their relative positions are crucial.

With the aging population and the rise of sports activities, there is an increasing number of patients with upper limb movement disorders. To alleviate the burden on healthcare professionals, the medical field has turned its attention to real-time programmable repetitive rehabilitation training for patients using rehabilitation robotic arms. Addressing the trajectory planning problem of upper limb rehabilitation training robotic arms, this study establishes a six-degree-offreedom model of the upper limb rehabilitation training robotic arm in the D-H coordinate system. Employing optimal control principles, the study designs manipulability performance metrics for the robotic arm. Finally, employing the Radau pseudospectral method, the optimal control problem is transformed into a solvable nonlinear programming problem, offering a solution for precise and rapid trajectory planning of upper limb rehabilitation training robotic arm movements.

Intelligent manufacturing refers to the use of advanced information technology and modern manufacturing technology to carry out comprehensive intelligent and automated transformation of the whole process and all links of manufacturing and production, as well as to achieve efficient manufacturing production and service-oriented operation and enhance the competitiveness of the entire industry. In the field of intelligent manufacturing, this paper researches on the application of intelligent manufacturing modelling based on cyber-physical system, which takes the auto industry as the background, selects the engine cylinder head deburring production case in the intelligent equipment system from its manufacturing architecture. After analysis of the cyber-physical system, then use UML (unified modeling language) class diagram mode to model the deburring process, and complete the equipment case construction corresponding to the mode, analyze the results and draw relevant conclusions and application to build the actual system in the architecture in component parts selection and factory pipeline design.

Current tracking error is a primary factor limiting motor control performance. This paper addresses this issue in model predictive control systems without integral controllers, using deadbeat predictive control as an example. Initially, the causes of current tracking error are analyzed to elucidate the fundamental reasons for its occurrence under model predictive control. This understanding is crucial for developing effective solutions. Leveraging the rapid convergence of Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCN), a TCN-based algorithm is proposed to eliminate current tracking error. TCNs are chosen for their quick adaptation capabilities, essential in dynamic motor control environments. By evaluating the motor's actual operating conditions, specific causes of current tracking error are identified. To address these swiftly, a voltage feedforward method is employed, allowing for rapid error elimination. This approach ensures the system can respond promptly to changes, maintaining precise control. Experimental results validate the proposed method's effectiveness, demonstrating its ability to eliminate current tracking error in model predictive control systems. Consequently, this significantly enhances the motor's load-carrying capacity at high speeds. The findings highlight the potential of the TCN-based algorithm to improve motor performance, marking a valuable advancement in motor control technology.

With the rapid development of modern technology, personal health monitoring devices have become an indispensable part of people’s lives. Especially in the field of fitness, medical treatment and daily health care, real-time monitoring of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation is particularly important. This study aims to design and develop a portable oximetry heart rate detector based on STM32 microcontroller. The device integrates the functions of blood oxygen and heart rate detection, temperature monitoring, step counting and wireless data transmission, using MAX30102 detection module for heart rate and blood oxygen measurement, DS18B20 temperature sensor for temperature detection, ADXL345 accelerometer sensor for step counting, and Bluetooth module to realize the wireless transmission of data. Through hardware design, software development and system testing, this study verifies the feasibility and practicality of the device and provides a new solution for personal health monitoring.

Traditional data center usually conducts asset management manually, which is costly and error-prone. For large data centers, intelligent asset management is of great significance. Intelligent inspection robots, as a substitute for manual inspection methods, have been widely used in various industries. This article first studies a real-time positioning and mapping technology that integrates multi-sensor data. The robot achieves high-precision autonomous indoor navigation and positioning with positioning errors less than 2 cm. Then, an image recognition technology that can remove occlusion was studied. It reads the detailed information of the equipment inside the cabinet through the cabinet grid door. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of the QR code on the equipment inside cabinet can reach97.2%. Finally, an intelligent inspection robot system was built to conduct 24-hour intelligent inspection of the data center.

Switching systems offer an efficient approach for modeling and controlling intricate systems, and their associated topics have garnered significant attention in the realm of control research. Current research pertaining to the analysis of stability and the development of controllers for these systems often relies on methods such as dwell time or state feedback, which can lead to unnecessary switching and control actions. However, the event-triggered control method can effectively minimize the frequency of communication and control, thereby conserving valuable communication and computational resources. In light of this, an error-type event triggering mechanism(ETM) and state-dependent switching signal(STSS) are proposed for a kind of actuator nested saturation(NES) switching system, and compared with the mode-dependent average dwell time(MDADT) switching method, the advantage of excluding Zeno phenomenon without calculation is obtained. The technique of multiple Lyapunov functions(MLF) ensures stability by fulfilling the required conditions of the local exponential stability(LES) of the switched system(SCHS) and related inferences. The ultimate validation of the proposed method's efficiency comes through simulation examples. The approach introduced in this paper considers both the cost of switching and non-intrusive switching performance while minimizing the number of switches. Furthermore, a plan for achieving stable and effective switching in NES systems is outlined.

The research purpose of uncertain time-varying delays (T-V Ds) switching systems is mainly to analyse stability of systems, design suitable controllers, and apply them to practical engineering problems. In this article, a issue of robust stability analysis is formulated for a kind of uncertain switched systems (SSs) with linear T-V Ds. Firstly, robust stabilities norm for SSs are obtained by establishing suitable multiple Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals (MLKF) along with the application of a mode-dependent average dwell time (MDADT) switching approach. Second, research determines the robust stabilities of uncertain non-switching systems through the solution of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Building upon the approach, this research extends the robust stability analysis to uncertain SSs with T-V Ds. Lastly, simulation instances are suggested to prove the efficiency and validity of our theoretic findings. This article can better understand the impact of these phenomena on system stability and propose effective control strategies to enhance system stability. With the continuous deepening of research and technological innovation, it is expected to see more application achievements based on uncertain time-delay switching systems in the future.

The article has developed a full automatic calibration system for process calibrators which can be program-controlled. This article describes the composition of the system, the design of the hardware and the structure of the software. The system has overcome the difficulty of automatic wiring-switch during the calibration, and then it can complete full an automatic calibration for various models of process calibrator without human aids. An experiment has verified that the calibration with the system can meet the requirements of current calibration capability, and has a 30% higher efficiency than that with traditional manual method.

In order to meet the higher requirements of today's rapidly developing technology for nano-actuators, such as high speed, high load, high precision, trajectory tracking and multiple degrees of freedom, this paper innovates the traditional inchworm drive principle and proposes a parallel inchworm actuator with two axes moving in concert, and realises the simultaneous control of the two axes through the input signals to realise each single step towards the established direction. The actuator consists of moveable unit and clamping unit, and due to the innovation in the structure of both, only three PZTs are required to realise the control of the inchworm actuator for both axes. In particular, the simultaneous control of different step lengths of the two axes was realised by means of input signals that enabled the realisation of each single step towards the established direction. And verified it with simulation software. Through the drive mode designed in this paper, the parallel drive can realise the coordinated motion of two degrees of freedom, and the drive efficiency is greatly improved, and it is especially suitable for precision guidance and other precision drive and positioning occasions that require trajectory tracking.

In view of the development trend of high-voltage and high-power oil field fracturing frequency converter, this article analyzes the typical application of oil fracturing conditions and compares the design concepts and ideas of the top domestic manufacturers. Finally, optimized and designed a 7000HP fracturing frequency converter with the highest single pump power, using a high-voltage cascaded main circuit topology structure. A sensorless vector control strategy for high voltage inverter based on carrier phase shift and full order flux state observer is proposed to significantly reduce the output voltage harmonics of the inverter, at the same time, the accurate estimation of motor speed and the accurate control of torque and current are realized to meet the control requirements of various conditions of oilfield fracturing operation, and further improve the oil and gas production efficiency. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the effectiveness of the control strategy is verified by simulation and experiment, reaching the engineering practical level.

The coal cutter is one of the key equipment for comprehensive mechanized coal mining in modern mines. In the production and use stage, the main factors that directly affect the safe operation of the coal cutter and the economic benefits of coal mines are gear strength and life span. Gear failure will lead to shearer equipment failure and production accidents, so it is of great significance to study the wear state of shearer transmission teeth for the normal work and daily maintenance of shearer. In this paper, the wear state of shearer drive teeth is studied, and a real-time monitoring system of shearer with certain integration and reliability is developed under the background of complex environment of coal mine. Through monitoring the physical and chemical properties of oil and wear particles, the change law and influencing factors of viscosity and wear debris morphology in the process of oil use are studied. The wear state of the transmission gear of the shearer is analyzed and studied, which provides a guarantee for the safe production of modern mines.

This paper addresses the issues of low automation level, slow testing speed, low testing accuracy, and significant influence of human factors on the measurement results in the original angle sensor testing system. A new design approach for an angle sensor rapid automatic testing system is proposed, which uses the 8098 microcontroller as the control core of the testing system. It utilizes a stepper motor, a fixed system, an angle sensor wind vane rotation driving system, and an automatic inclination meter to set and measure the rotation angle of the angle sensor wind vane. The system automatically measures the heating current of the angle sensor through a high-precision current measurement circuit and automatically measures the output parameters of the angle sensor through a high-precision resistance measurement circuit. It also automatically displays the measurement results and judges whether the results are qualified. The practical application has verified that the angle sensor rapid automatic testing system proposed in this paper has a fast testing speed and high testing accuracy, which meets the testing speed and accuracy requirements for the regular inspection of angle sensors by the aviation troops.

The portable food pollutant detection system can effectively detect safety hazards during food processing, storage, and sales, thereby minimizing potential hazards. Although the country has strengthened quality control measures, problems such as antibiotic residues, excessive use of food coloring and food additives still exist. The electrolytic cell used in this article adopts a three electrode system. The portable food pollutant detection system includes a constant current meter (which can control the electrode potential), a waveform generation device that generates stimulation signals, and can measure, display, and process current, voltage, and time. In the comparison of detection limits for amaranth red using different electrode materials, the highest detection limit for C/Pt/Agcl is 2.6mol/L, and the highest detection limit for MWCNT/Agcl is 6.4mol/L. Relatively speaking, the detection limit for C/Pt/Agcl is relatively low. In this paper, the portable food pollutant detection system based on electrochemical sensing has high sensitivity. Although the system performs well, it still needs to be improved and perfected in terms of stability, sensor lifespan, and detection of various pollutants. In the future, efforts should be focused on improving the reliability and applicability of the system.

In today’s increasingly advanced industrial automation, intelligent manufacturing has become an important means to improve industrial production efficiency and environmental protection. This article adopted a method that combines an intelligent slag removal system based on fuzzy logic and a water curtain cooling system in the silk production workshop to achieve comprehensive optimization of workshop environmental quality and energy consumption. This article aimed to establish a fuzzy control model for the operation status of a slag removal cooling machine based on multiple key factors such as temperature, humidity, and dust concentration. On this basis, a real-time data acquisition and processing system based on sensor networks was developed for on-site monitoring of equipment such as furnaces and water curtains. When the humidity reached 47.5%, the system began to provide 10% cooling power. As the humidity further increased, the cooling power of the system gradually increased from 10% to 70%. Through a combination of simulation and on-site experiments, it has been proven that the adopted collaborative control scheme significantly improves the air quality and working environment of the workshop while reducing energy consumption and improving production efficiency. Through this study, new ideas and methods can be provided for the development of intelligent manufacturing technology.

Tool management is crucial for ensuring job safety and improving work efficiency. This study aims to explore the application of electronic tag technology in intelligent inspection of tools and instruments, in order to improve management efficiency and safety. The study achieved the application research of RFID in intelligent inspection of tools through the design and development of electronic tags using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and the optimization of RFID technology. This study designed a series of experiments to test and compare RFID, Near Field Communication (NFC), and Quick Response Code (QR Code) technologies. The conclusion section shows that RFID technology performs the best in recognition accuracy, reaching 97%, while the accuracy of NFC and QR Code is only 84% and 83%, respectively. In terms of response time, RFID also demonstrates advantages, with a maximum response time of only 57ms. As for maintenance costs, the long-term maintenance cost of RFID is also lower than that of NFC and QR Code, mainly due to the maturity and extensive application foundation of RFID technology. Taking all factors into consideration, the application of RFID technology in intelligent inspection of tools provides higher efficiency and reliability, making it an ideal choice at present.

For the problem of oxide layer spalling caused by corrosion in supercritical power plant boiler tubes, which can lead to blockage of steam flow and even boiler tube burst accidents, this paper adopts a high-temperature oxidation stress growth model to calculate the scaling stress change and spalling time of boiler tubes, providing a basis for the prevention of corrosion and oxide layer spalling in boiler tube walls. The study found that the growth stress of the oxide layer varies parabolically with its thickness. When the growth stress reaches the critical strain of the oxide layer/metal substrate system, the oxide layer spalls. The shutdown and startup temperature differences of the boiler have a significant effect on oxide layer spalling, and a temperature difference control of 4-14°C/min is less likely to cause oxide layer spalling.

To solve the problems of insufficient precision and stability in positioning holes during the operation of aerial vehicles, A Punching Aircraft with a Camera and Linkage Mechanism has been designed. This device utilizes the camera to adjust its high-altitude operating position based on the actual conditions of the wall top, thereby improving the precision of hole positioning. Additionally, it can simultaneously insert fixing nails while drilling, using an alternating drilling method. By integrating linkage mechanisms and hydraulic pump systems, the device enhances the stability and efficiency of the drilling process, reduces motor energy consumption, and achieves precise and stable drilling operations. Hence, this equipment can also serve as a reference for other drones to improve their stability.

With the development of social economy, the demand for power energy in various fields continues to increase. In the construction process of transmission line, the crimping construction of guide and ground wire is complicated and there are many processes. Therefore, the development of a cable crimping auxiliary measurement combination device can greatly improve the acceptance effect of cable crimping project. This paper designs a set of auxiliary measuring device for wire crimping. The device uses STM32 as data processor, Bluetooth vernier caliper, grating ruler (capacity-grid displacement sensor), Bluetooth tape measure, Bluetooth laser rangefinder, digital Angle ruler as measuring tools, and synchronizes the data to the mobile APP in real time. The central processing system can automatically calculate the relevant data, match the appropriate pressure nozzle and wire type, and solve the problem of inconvenient calculation data caused by the pressure nozzle and wire type; Using wireless transmission technology to solve the problem of multi-line transmission of various measurement data, breaking the barrier of manual data recording. This device guarantees the quality of the conductor crimping project in use, meets large-scale testing requirements, and is lightweight and easy to carry. With the field application conditions met, it is easy for the construction personnel to operate.

To solve the problem of buffeting noise in the rearview mirror (RVM) and side window area of a commercial vehicle, the SST (Menter) k  model in the Discrete Eddy Simulation (DES) method was used to conduct buffeting noise simulation research and optimization, and the motion law of the original vehicle's aerodynamic vortex was analyzed. It is found that the periodic motion process of vortex formation, falling off, moving backward, crashing the B-pillar, and pressure wave rebound at the rear edge of the RVM causes the pressure pulsation in cab, which generated buffeting noise. Then, a progressive method was used to analyze the noise reduction around the three influencing factors of the RVM shape, the tilt angle of mirror cover and the installation distance, from which the optimal noise reduction scheme is designed and verified in real vehicles. The simulation results show that the streamlined RVM with gradually decreasing curvature, reducing the tilt angle of the RVM cover, and increasing the installation distance of the RVM can effectively reduce buffeting noise. The combination of the above three schemes has the best noise reduction effect, the SPL is reduce by 12.79 dB compare with the original vehicle.

The change in maps after accidents poses significant inconvenience for personnel and rescue teams. Focused on surface and underground mining exploration maps, and considering the rapid emergency response of mining exploration robots, efforts are directed at determining optimal technical combinations by analyzing encompasses navigation positioning, wireless communication, data processing, and real-time mapping. Specially, in surface mining environments, inertial navigation combined with LiDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) technology excels, considering factors like error accuracy, application scenarios, data processing capability, detection range, reliability, and cost. Wi-Fi technology is commonly used for data transmission. In underground mining environments, a combination of inertial navigation and visual technology, typically employing Zigbee wireless communication, is more suitable. Detailed analysis of real-time mapping techniques, emphasizing the comparison between laser SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) and visual SLAM, as well as improvements in ORB-SLAM1-3(a Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM System), is presented. Finally, the prospects and trends of artificial intelligence in mobile robot map exploration are discussed, aiming to provide more accurate, reliable, and efficient solutions for mining exploration. These research findings contribute to optimizing the performance of intelligent mining exploration robots, enhancing their application capabilities in mining exploration and emergency rescue.

Many tire factories generally use manual methods for bead gluing in the assembly process of tires and wheels. The gluing efficiency is low and there are problems such as uneven gluing and low pass rate, which has always been one of the problems faced in the tire assembly process. It also brings about a lot of waste in mass production. In addition, in order to meet the needs of mass production, the automation of tire production is imminent. This paper investigates the tire factories and finds that the mesh belt chain with additional rollers is used as the conveying unit in view of the characteristics of large frictional resistance and difficult operation of tires. The gluing roller increases the load-bearing roller to increase the strength and rigidity and the rotating mechanism and the blocking mechanism are combined into one, which reduces the complexity of the mechanism, and uses the anti-parallelogram linkage mechanism to achieve relative swing, making the gluing equipment compact in structure and high in efficiency. Finally, the method verified by the prototype experiment was tested in the factory, which improved the first pass rate of the product, reduced the number of reworks, reduced the number of labor force, and effectively reduced the production cost. Bead coating is an important process in the assembly of tire and rim, which is related to the air tightness after assembly. In addition to the low efficiency of manual assembly brush, the uneven brush has always been the weak link of tire assembly. Aiming at the characteristics of high friction resistance and difficult operation of tire, this design uses the mesh belt chain with additional roller as the conveying unit. The coating roller increases the load-bearing roller, increases the strength and rigidity, and the rotating mechanism and the blocking mechanism are combined to reduce the complexity of the mechanism. The antiparallel-crank mechanism is used to realize the relative swing, which makes the coating equipment compact, efficient and smooth.

To meet the precise determination needs of the torque coefficient for high-strength bolted connections, it is necessary to measure both axial force and torque simultaneously. A two-dimensional force sensor using an elastic body structure was designed for this purpose, featuring piecing and bridge-grouping. The sensor's range is 100 kN for axial force and1kN·m for torque, enabling the decoupling of the measured force and torque, which significantly enhances the real-time measurement capabilities of the sensor. Based on finite element static analysis, a stress analysis of the sensor under the rated load of combined axial force/torque was conducted, ensuring safety in use. Furthermore, the sensor's inter-axis coupling and condition number were analyzed. The results showed that the condition number of the designed sensor's normalized strain flexibility matrix is close to 1, with a maximum inter-axis coupling error of 0.015%F.S. The designed sensor can achieve low inter-axis coupling, high sensitivity, and isotropy, thereby enabling more accurate measurements for high-strength bolt detectors.

Pointer meters are commonly used in various fields, including energy, transportation, and manufacturing. Accurately recognizing the values of pointer meters is crucial for operating the systems and equipment. Manual reading methods for recognizing a large number of pointer meter indication values are time-consuming and prone to errors and omissions. Compared to manual reading, the use of machine vision technology for recognizing pointer meter indication values can effectively reduce reading time and the probability of errors, providing clear advantages. This paper proposes a method for recognizing pointer meter indication values by first using image processing algorithms to obtain the pointing angle of the pointer on the dashboard. After that, a deep learning algorithm is used to obtain the keywords and corresponding coordinates on the dashboard, and the coordinates of the keywords are transformed into the angles of the keywords. Then, the angle method is used to calculate the relationship between the pointer's pointing angle and the keyword angle to obtain the final test results. The test results show that compared to the manual direct reading, the proposed reading method has a relative error within 2.7% when used under ideal conditions or conditions with a certain degree of interference, such as interfering objects on the dashboard, offset in the observation angle, and low light conditions.

With the development of remote control and telemetry technology, the application of UAV is more and more extensive, and the requirement of UAV flight control is higher and higher. In order to enhance the stability of UAV hardware system, the power supply part is protected in various ways; a spare chip is added to ensure the effectiveness of attitude calculation; SPI peripheral interface is reserved to expand GPS, ultrasonic and other sensors. Through the mathematical model, the calibration method of accelerometer and gyroscope is introduced, and the importance of this step for flight control system is emphasized. The software flow chart of the system is designed, and the mathematical model of obstacle avoidance algorithm is given. The classic PID control algorithm and simulation method are used to realize the obstacle avoidance of UAV. Considering the problems that may be encountered in UAV obstacle avoidance, the mathematical model is established, the evaluation index is given, and the control experiment is designed. Experimental results show that the algorithm has good obstacle avoidance effect and strong robustness in low speed and complex environment.

Due to the small assembly gap between precision mechanical transmission parts, it is difficult to use lubricating media to reduce friction and prolong life. At present, the preparation of anti-friction lubrication coating on the surface of parts is a more effective means. The amorphous carbon coating has the advantages of simple preparation process, low deposition temperature and excellent anti-friction and wear properties. Amorphous carbon coating is early spalled because of internal stress accumulation. According to the principle of material preparation that the internal stress of amorphous coating can be reduced by the growth of amorphous and nanocrystalline synchronously, and a few doped metal elements aggregate and crystallize at the interface of amorphous carbon clusters driven by cohesive energy to spontaneously or combine with reactive gas to form high-density linear nanocrystals, thus inhibiting the peeling off of carbon clusters during wear process. The effect of the graphite target voltage on the microstructure and mechanical properties of graphite-like carbon (GLC) coatings was investigated. The microstructure of the coatings was characterized by Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The properties of the coatings were measured by nanoindentation and ball and disc tribometer. The results showed that the deposition rate and the percentage of sp2 bond increased obviously with increase of the graphite target voltage. The hardness increased to maximum (11.4 GPa) at the graphite target voltage of 700 V, which was related to high sp3 /sp2 bonding ratio. Moreover, the internal stress and coefficient of friction (COF) value decreased firstly and then increased slightly as the graphite target voltage increased from 640 to 720 V. The minimum COF and specific wear rate of the GLC coatings were obtained at the graphite target voltage of 700 V.

The energy consumption of communication base stations has been increasing, while energy conservation has become a focal point, especially for the air conditioning systems of these stations, which consume a significant amount of energy. In cold regions, the optimization of refrigeration systems for communication base stations is a crucial task. However, due to the complexity of environmental conditions and seasonal variations, traditional control methods often struggle to achieve optimal results. This study aims to improve the performance of communication base station refrigeration systems using fuzzy systems. A distributed cooling system, utilizing an object-oriented cooling concept, is proposed as a novel solution that can directly provide cooling to communication equipment. Compared to conventional methods, distributed cooling based on fuzzy systems optimizes the thermal field distribution within the base station, adjusting the operating parameters of the refrigeration system to achieve higher energy efficiency and performance optimization. Experimental results show that, under certain conditions, the optimal refrigerant charge rate of the system can be determined through experimentation. In field tests, the separated heat pipe system significantly improved temperature variations within the base station. Analysis of experimental data reveals varying levels of energy savings in different regions, but overall energy savings are still significant. The results indicate that control strategies based on fuzzy systems can significantly enhance the performance of communication base station refrigeration systems, holding significant application prospects in cold regions.

In order to realize the car to travel according to the expected route, electronic components such as microcomputer and sensor are often used to control the car to achieve the purpose of tracking. Then, can only use the pure mechanical steering structure to achieve the function of reproducing the preset complex long trajectory. In order to solve this problem, the author explores a design scheme based on open-loop cam to control the car to turn. It is required that the designed car can use new energy to drive the corresponding transmission mechanism to ensure that the car passes the mark point in order. In order to meet the corresponding function and travel accuracy, the design of steering system is the key to ensure the design effect. In the design module of the key part cam. Firstly, the preset trajectory is drawn by Bessel curve. Secondly, the geometric relationship between the front wheel and the driven wheel is used to solve the front wheel angle of the car. Thirdly, the cam stroke is obtained according to the steering characteristics of the tangent steering mechanism. Finally, the cam stroke is polarized and enveloped to obtain the design data of the cam that meets the needs of the path. Through simulation analysis, the car 's running trajectory and the preset trajectory have a high degree of repeatability, which meets the established requirements, and also provides design ideas for other mechanical systems with complex strokes.

In the modern manufacturing industry, computer numerical control (CNC) is widely used because of its high precision and high efficiency processing ability. Tool vibration is a common and serious problem in CNC machining process, which affects machining accuracy and surface quality. In order to solve this problem, based on the finite element analysis (FEA) method, this paper makes an in-depth study on the vibration of CNC tools, simulates the dynamic response of tools under various working conditions by constructing FEA model, and identifies the key vibration mode and natural frequency of tools through this model. The experimental results show that without suppression, the vibration amplitude of the tool reaches 1.3 mm at high frequency. By introducing integrated damping material and adaptive control algorithm, the vibration suppression rate can reach 48%. This shows that this method has significant advantages in reducing vibration amplitude, improving machining accuracy and prolonging tool life, and provides a comprehensive and effective solution for vibration suppression in CNC machining.

With the rapid development of Internet of Things technology, home intelligence has become an inevitable trend. The design of the intelligent ecological fish tank system aims to improve the automation level of ornamental fish farming and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the ornamental fish industry through sensor technology, wireless communication technology, and integrated circuit technology. The system takes the living environment of ornamental fish as the monitoring object, and adopts the sensor system to collect the key environmental indicators such as the breeding environment temperature, water quality, pH, light intensity in real time. On the basis of the monitoring environment, combined with the control technology, the system can realize the functions of water temperature regulation, feeding control, driving water change, oxygen addition, etc., ensure the stable and suitable breeding environment, create suitable living conditions for different varieties of ornamental fish, and achieve scientific and rational cultivation of ornamental fish. The implementation of this system can significantly improve the intelligence level of ornamental fish farming, reduce labor costs, and improve the survival rate of ornamental fish, which has certain application value.

In order to study the evolution of the dynamic removal characteristics of temperature field and the factors affecting the quality of the rust removal layer on the surface of steel 45, the scanning electron beam rust removal simulation model was established by using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software. Based on the improved Gaussian surface heat source model, continuous circular scanning method was adopted. The heat source was applied and moved by COMSOL multiphysical field coupling, and the dynamic removal characteristics of temperature field were obtained under different beam source power, scanning frequency and scanning speed, and the factors affecting the quality of the material were analyzed. The results show that the improved Gaussian heat source model can simulate the molten pool morphology. The scanning electron beam source power and scanning rate have a significant effect on the surface rust removal, and the preheating of the matrix can improve the hardness and wear resistance of the rust removal layer. There is obvious thermal accumulation in the process of rust removal, and the rust removal layer of the first line will be reheated during the second phase of rust removal.

Aiming at the problem of sensorless speed and position estimation of permanent magnet synchronous motor, a hybrid parameter gain matrix flux observer is proposed. The state equations of current and flux mixed parameters in α - β coordinate system are established. The current errors of reference model and observation model are taken as sliding surface to adjust the adaptive rate of hybrid parameter gain matrix to observe the coupled flux linkage. The phase-locked loop is used to extract the position and velocity information in ψfα and ψfβ, and a speed sensorless control system based on flux linkage observation is constructed. It shows that the magnetic flux tracking error is small, the response speed is fast and the robustness is strong.

Precise control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive systems is critical for achieving high performance. A major challenge in PMSM control is mitigating dead-time effects, which can lead to torque fluctuations and efficiency losses. This paper introduces a novel dead-time compensation algorithm utilizing stacked Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) networks. Unlike conventional approaches, this algorithm harnesses the deep learning capabilities of LSTM networks to predict and correct real-time dead-time nonlinearities. A comprehensive dataset collected from a PMSM drive system operating under various conditions is employed to train the LSTM network. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, demonstrating significant reduction in torque fluctuations and enhanced system efficiency. This study highlights the potential benefits of integrating advanced machine learning techniques into PMSM control systems to optimize performance and reliability.