This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7388, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.

This work discusses optical singularities and electrical conductivity behavior in a thin electrooptical cell filled with composites including multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nematic liquid crystal (LC). The MWCNTs with high aspect ratio L/d≈300 ÷ 1000 and nematic LC 5CB (4-pentyl-40-cyanobiphenyl) were used. The composites were prepared by introduction of MWCNTs (0.0001÷0.1% wt) into LC solvent with subsequent sonication. The increase of MWCNT concentration (between 0.005÷0.05 % wt) resulted in self-organization of MWCNTs and formation of micronsized aggregates with fractal boundaries. The visually observed formation of spanning MWCNT networks near the percolation threshold at ~0.025 % wt was accompanied with transition from non-conductive to conductive state and generation of optical singularities. The observed effects were explained by the strong interactions between MWCNTs and LC medium and planar orientation of 5CB molecules near the lateral surface of MWCNTs. It was speculated that optical singularities arose as a results of interaction of an incident laser beam with LC perturbed interfacial shells covering the MWCNT clusters. Behavior of the interfacial shell thickness in external electric field and in the vicinity of the nematic to isotropic transition was discussed.

In this paper, we reviewed our recent work on the statistical properties of polarization speckle, described by stochastic Stokes parameters fluctuating in space. Based on the Gaussian assumption for the random electric field components and polar-interferometer, we investigated theoretically and experimentally the statistics of Stokes parameters of polarization speckle, including probability density function of Stokes parameters with the spatial degree of polarization, autocorrelation of Stokes vector and statistics of spatial derivatives for Stokes parameters.

Spatial characteristics of the optical-vortex (OV) beams created during the Gaussian beam diffraction by a grating with groove bifurcation are analyzed theoretically and numerically. In contrast to previous works, condition of small-angle diffraction is no longer required and the diffracted beam can be strongly deformed. This causes the intensity profile rotation and the high-order OV decomposition into a set of secondary single-charged OVs. These effects are studied quantitatively and confronted with similar properties of a Laguerre-Gaussian beam that undergoes astigmatic telescopic transformation. In contrast to the latter case, the secondary OVs do not lie on a single straight line within the beam cross section, and morphology parameters of the individual secondary OVs carried by the same beam are, in general, different. The results can be used for practical generation of OV beams and OV arrays with prescribed properties.

The situation when information on the degree of coherence of electromagnetic optical waves is contained both in intensity modulation and in spatial polarization modulation of the resulting distribution of superposing waves is considered. It is pointed out that such experimental situation is often realized in near-field optics. The possibility of experimental estimation of the degree of mutual coherence of waves polarized at the incidence plane is shown in this paper.

Different effects induce spectral changes; for example, correlation of the fluctuations in source, propagation of light, random changes of optical properties of medium, diffraction and scattering from objects and rough interfaces. In this report we review the spectral changes that occur as result of light diffraction from phase steps and particularly we emphasize on the effect of phase singularities on spectral changes. We also review the redshift and blueshift in the spectra of the lights coherently and diffusely scattered from rough interfaces. In addition, we study the effect of roughness and incident angle on spectral profile of light scattered in reflection and transmission modes.

Spatial evolution was studied of energy and phase distribution of a fluctuating laser beam carrying an optical vortex. Fluctuations of the optical field were induced by fluctuations of the generator parameters or by random variations of the index of refraction in a thin layer of the atmosphere represented by a phase screen. It was shown that vortex-like flow of energy typical for a coherent beam manifests itself in averaged characteristics of a partially coherent beam. Particularly, the mean tilt of the wavefront can be represented as a sum of the vortex and potential components, while the circular flow of energy is influenced mainly by the rotor of the vector field of wavefront tilts. As it turned out, after the phase screen having a quadratic structure function of fluctuations the vector filed of energy flow is formed with the vortex component corresponding to the model of fluid current known as Scully's vortex. The potential component of the filed induces focusing of the beam. This results in the gradual annihilation of the vortex in the far filed.

A vectorial Pauli algebraic analysis of the time-varying birefringent devices is performed. The general equations of evolution of the light polarization state interacting with such devices are applied in analyzing the modification of the polarization and spectral structure of light by electro-optic modulation in crystals of class 42m.

Some physical aspects of role of vortices (and its networks) in formation of statistical field transporting the information about the initial image are considered. The results of field reconstruction of object image by different chosen reconstruction samples formed under the use of field vortices characteristics are presented.

New type of vector singularities inherent in partially coherent combined beams is explored. There are the polarization degree singularities, such as U (unpolarized) and P (completely polarized) elements of a field. The fundamental properties of such singularities are derived for the general case of elliptical polarization basis using the notion of the complex degree of polarization represented at the Stokes space that is limited by the Poincare sphere. Experimental procedure for detecting the polarization degree singularities and reconstruction of a vector skeleton of partially coherent combined beams is presented.

In the neighborhood of the cusp of the "double" caustic produced by the y- polarized components of the convergent eoand ee- beams, a single isolated optical vortex of a limited extent along the z axis was found to exist. The validity of this observation is argued for by the well pronounced, deep gap in intensity at the center of the vortex, along its longitudinal axis, and by a spiral-shaped interference pattern formed as the wave field of the vortex under study becomes superimposed on the reference plane wave. Preliminary experiments suggest that this structure disappears rapidly (collapses) already at a slight change of the inclination of the laser beam striking the two-component crystal-optics element (TCE), thus showing it to depend critically on the type of the aberrations introduced into the beams undergoing focusing, while persisting qualitatively on small spatial scales in the z direction. The morphology of this vortex structure depends critically also on the precision (or angular tolerances) of mutual orientation of the optical axes in the components, and of the vectors of the normals to the entrance and exit TCE faces with which the lens parts are cut out from the original calcite crystal and cemented subsequently after the desired matching has been reached. The observed single vortices are formed only under four mutually symmetric and strictly defined angular orientations of the incident collimated light beam relative to the entrance face of TCE.

We generate experimentally periodical arrays of optical bottle beams from incoherent light, and show that their parameters can be efficiently controlled by varying the beam focusing conditions.

The mathematical estimation of the degree of correlation of optical fields in the near field has been analyzed. The need for taking into account the modulation of polarization and the modulation of intensity in measuring the visibility of the interference pattern has been demonstrated.

New experimental data are represented supporting the model of intermediary rough surface of colorless dielectric slab as transition peculiar layer between two media with different refraction indices. Here we consider reflection of white-light beam from such surfaces of ground glass for which rms deviations from a mean surface line is comparable with a wavelength of some spectral component of probing beam. It is shown, in part, that regularly (coherently) Scattered light can undergo several blue and red shifts as the angle of incidence of the probing beam changes. Peculiarities of this phenomenon are discussed using chromascopic processing of regularly reflected light.

The new approach for experimental modeling of elementary field cells with heterogeneous polarization is proposed. It is shown that such cells may be obtained by the superposition of orthogonally linearly polarized waves with relatively simple phase surfaces and close intensities. The characteristics of polarization cell may be easily changed by the change of superposed beams parameters. The results of computer simulation are presented.

Peculiarities of the spatial behavior of the amplitude zero lines resulting from scattering of coherent radiation at random and fractal rough surfaces are studied. The optical correlation technique is proposed for diagnostics of phase singularities at a complex speckle field by comparison of the correlation lengths of amplitude and intensity of the local fields. It is shown that the dislocation lines at the field scattered by fractal surface have fractal properties, while the dislocation lines scattered by random surface have no fractal properties.

This paper gives a brief historical review of the development of optical computing from the early years, 60 years ago, until today. All the major inventions in the field were made in the sixties, generating a lot of enthusiasm. However it is between 1980 and 2000, that optical computing had its golden age with numerous new technologies and innovating optical processors been designed and constructed for real applications. Today the field of optical computing has evolved and its results benefit to new research topics such as nanooptics, biophotonics, or communication systems.

By increasing the coupling between image formation and post-detection processing, computational imaging provides opportunities for new imaging designs and potential new applications. To underscore the potential this new approach brings to imaging I present three examples of capabilities that are not possible using conventional means: extended depth-of-field, thin imaging, and compressive imaging.

Third-generation infrared (IR) systems are being developed nowadays. In this class of detectors, two main competitors, HgCdTe photodiodes and quantum-well IR photoconductors (QWIPs), are included. Recently, two new material systems have been emerged as the candidates for third generation IR detectors, type II InAs/GaInSb strain layer superlattices (SLSs) and quantum dot IR photodetectors (QDIPs). In the paper, issue associated with the development and exploitation of multispectral photodetectors from these new materials is discussed. Discussions is focused on most recently on-going detector technology efforts in fabrication both photodetectors and focal plane arrays (FPAs). The challenges facing multicolour devices concerning complicated device structures, multilayer material growth, and device fabrication are described.

We present different systems based on digital holography suitable for the investigation of microscopic objects. A deep UV laser source (193 nm) and high numerical aperture geometry have been used to increase the resolution of the reconstructed amplitude and phase. Furthermore we show how digital holographic interferometry can be used to measure the deformation of microsystems down to the nanometer scale.

Today photovoltaic cells are divided into two principal types: higher-efficiency but quite expensive crystalline silicon solar cells (either monocrystalline or multicrystalline), and lower-cost thin-film solar cells, usually composed of amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, or copper indium gallium diselenide. In both cases their operation is based on a large-area pn junction. Their efficiency is generally limited by defects and impurities, which include grain boundaries, dislocations, and transition metals. A wide variety of defects can be formed in a silicon crystals during and after their growth. Some of defects arise on cell surface during its life-time such as scratches. These surface damages are origin of lower light-trapping efficiency. Many of defects do not cause cell malfunction, but generate local microplasmas, which are conductive and hence reduce overall cell efficiency. A number of defects of various kinds, some of them being of local character only, can not be observed with classical methods in such large-area junctions. Therefore a use of more precise scanning probe microscopes represents a novel approach to surface investigations with superresolving features. The paper presents results of experimental study of high resolution map of induced photocurrent and local electroluminescence in monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Photovoltaic solar cells are evaluated by I-V electric measurement, Far-field and Near-field Optical Beam Induced photocurrent (NOBIC), as well as by Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope (SNOM) topography and reflection. The correlation between reflection and transport characteristics indicates power of this diagnostic tool.

In this paper, we propose optical tweezers based on a biaxial crystal. To control the movement of opaque particles, we use the shift polarization interferometer. The results of experimental study of laser tweezers are shown. We demonstrates movement of a microparticle of toner using singular-optical trap, rotate a particle due to orbital momentum, conversion of two traps when changing the plane of polarizer transmission and converging of two traps.

Theory to sense waviness of glossy surfaces with different roughness utilizing diffractive optical element (DOE) based sensor is introduced, and experimentally verified. The verifications are performed from commercially available surface roughness standards including reamed, turned, vertically and horizontally milled surfaces with different surface roughness up 6.3μm.

The spiral phase plate (SPP) with an azimuthal structure ψ(ρ, φ) = exp[iφ] (0 ≤ φ < 2π) has been used as a filter in a 4f system to achieve edge enhancement. Generally such edge-enhanced effect is isotropic, i.e., each edge of the input pattern is enhanced to the same degree regardless of its orientation. In this report we show that one can achieve anisotropic edge enhancement by breaking down the symmetry of the filtering process. This can be done in two ways: First, by use of a fractional spiral phase filter with a fractional topological charge and a controllable orientation of the edge dislocation, and second, by using an off-axis SPP. In the first method, the degree and orientation of enhancement are controlled by the value of the topological charge and the starting angle of the SPP. While in the second method, the two parameters are determined by the position of the singularity. In this report we apply both these techniques in edge detection and microscopy.

The modification of the Hartmann wave-front scanner for analyzing the laser beam wave-front reflected from the samples' surface is considered. It is proposed to use the polarization wave-front scanner that provides by order of magnitude greater sensitivity and measurement range than the Shack-Hartmann sensor and allows separating the phase shifts, connected with relief inhomogeneities and local changes of the surface refractive index. The results of detecting test surfaces with different structure by the wave-front scanner are presented.

The method of the dynamic range expansion of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is discussed. It's based on the use of nonlinear dual focus holographic lenslet arrays with the aberration precompensation. The data concerning the optical setup and the technique of adaptive lenslet array producing based on nonlinear holographic recording phenomenon are represented. On the example of spherical wavefronts it is shown, that the use of three lenslet arrays with different amount of the aberration precompensation allows expanding approximately in five times the dynamic range of the sensor four times greater with preserving the specified sensitivity in comparison with the corresponding refractive lenslet array.

The demand for high-frequency low-loss surface acoustic wave - SAW - filters for telecommunications and remote sensing has led to extensive research focusing on new SAW microdevices. SAW devices have been the subject of increasing interest since 1960 till present and the applicability of optical measurement techniques to detection of SAWs were published in the late 1960s. As a consequence, many types of both constructive and operating characterization methods have been developed. The paper provides a short introduction regarding the developed level of SAW microdevices. Some optoelectronic techniques used for constructive characterization of SAW micro-devices are reviewed. Three optoelectronic measurement techniques are known for detection of surface acoustic waves: diffraction grating technique, the knife-edge technique, and the detection of ultrasonic vibrations using optical interferometry. We describe the results of literature investigation research of optoelectronic techniques for constructive characterization of SAW microdevices. The research work given in this paper concentrates on describing of optoelectronic techniques used for constructive characterization of SAW microdevices. Samples of SAW quartz filters were measured. The input and output inter digital transducers (IDTs) contain 22 paired electrodes which were photolithographed on the quartz substrates (20mm x 18mm x 0.5mm). The space between electrodes of measured channel was 11.25 μm. Finally, we try to draw some conclusions where: optoelectronics tchniques are predicted to be the fundamental measurement methods for measurement of future SAW microdevices.

The theoretical analysis has been developed for the diffraction spectrum at the normal incidence of a plane light wave onto a sound wave in an isotropic medium. In the framework of the bound waves pattern, the diffraction spectrum behavior was investigated. Parameters of the sound wave such as a width and intensity of the sound beam are variable. As a result, it was shown that the dependence of the diffraction maximums' magnitude on the sound intensity is essentially modified with increase of the acousto-optic layer width even at the orthogonal orientation of interacting fields.

We characterise two geometries of silver-dielectric layered or single layer patterned lenses for subwavelength imaging in the visible spectral range. The first consists of a periodic multilayer operating for the TM polarisation in a planar geometry, and the other is a grooved structure with rotational symmetry operating for the radial polarisation. For the multilayer superlens, diffraction-free propagation is conditioned on the phase flatness of the transfer function. Low-loss, diffraction-free transmission is demonstrated at micrometer distances and compared to diffractive propagation involving evanescent waves. The silver single layer lens, in turn, has double-sided grooves and no on-axis aperture. In another version the single layer lens has slits and no on-axis aperture, all rings and a stop are integrated with a fiber. Both lenses focus a far-field source into a far-field spot. They perform like a high numerical aperture optical objective and obey the diffraction limit.

We have been investigating an ultra fine field emission display (FED) and an ultra fine CdTe X-ray image sensor for creating nanovision science. For an ultra fine FED with a sub-micron pixel, we have developed a volcano-structured double-gated field emitter arrays with a capability of focusing electron beam without serous reduction in emission current. For an ultra fine X-ray image sensor, we have proposed and demonstrated a novel CdTe X-ray sensor consisting of a CdTe diode and field emitter array.

As the emitted light from an object strikes a rough interface the scattered light in specular direction can form image only at incident angles beyond a threshold angle that depends on surface roughness and light wavelength. This is also the case in transmission mode, but in this case the image is observed below a threshold angle that depends also on refractive indices of the media surrounding the rough interface. In this work we show that the threshold angle is the angle beyond which the scattered light acquires coherent component in specular direction. Using glass surfaces roughened by powders of different grain sizes we have measured the threshold angles for roughnesses in the range of 0.420-4.23 μm with the precision of 5 arc minutes, which provides the measurement of the roughness, σ, with a precision in the range 0.002-0.15 μm. Our experimental studies show that the threshold angle is practically independent of the illumination intensity. We have also studied the dependence of the threshold angle on wavelength and the change in the image color with the change of incident angle in reflection and transmission. The theoretical predictions and experimental results are in good agreement.

The results of theoretical consideration of the process of the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with the solution of the salts and the main details which defining possibility of the new method of the study of characteristic of solution by means of electromagnetic waves are brought. There are shown that by means of laser radiation the determination of the sizes of clusters which are formed by the solvated ions in solution is possible.

A new approach to the elimination of the main systematic errors in a high-accuracy laser polarimetry tasks is proposed. It is based on using the two lasers with close wavelengths. The measuring method is applied to birefringent and optically active crystals. It is shown, that using the two sources of light allows to except systematic errors more effectively, that conventional HAUP.

The present paper describes the growth, absorption and photoluminescence spectra of Mn-doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, and application of nanoparticles for cellular imaging. Formation of CTAB-coated CdS:Mn nanoparticles is monitored by optical methods. The optical absorption edge of CdS:Mn nanoparticles is shifted to the higher-energy side as compared to bulk crystals due to the quantum confinement effect. TEM images demonstrate that the average size of CdS:Mn nanoparticles embedded into gelatin matrix is larger than the one of CTAB-coated nanoparticles. The changes of the optical density during the process of the nanoparticles growth are attributed to the increase of their density in the solution. The effects of coverage layer in the PL properties nanosensors are studied by the photoluminescence method. Interactions between CdS:Mn NPs and organic molecules are probed by photoluminescence method, and the results obtained are used for identification of the Kupffer's cells in the histologic specimens of liver.

In this work we report on peculiarities of technique for correct measurements of optical transmittance, optical density and Faraday rotation spectra of colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles and nanocomposites. As an example we have used CdS:Mn nanoparticles embedded in polyvinylalcohol (PVA) matrix. With the decrease of the size of CdS:Mn nanoparticles, the absorption exciton band was shifted to shorter wavelengths as a result of quantum confinement effect. In order to observe clearly this shift we have used several samples with the same average nanoparticle size, but with different sample thicknesses. It was made analysis of the obtained data on optical spectra for nanocomposites with comparison for bulk semiconductor materials. Similar methodology was applied for magneto-optical spectra of colloidal solutions and nanocomposites.

In this work changes of concrete integral reflection coefficient during its hydration were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Diffuse approximation method for concrete light-scattering description during hydration was used and its results were compared with received experimental data. Introduced optical diagnostics method allows performing earlier hydration stages diagnostics of concrete hardening process in comparison with other methods and predicting mechanical properties of produced concrete.

Multispectral imaging technology was applied to deteriorated ancient manuscripts. Monochrome images were registered at twelve wavelengths. An image processing algorithm that utilises relative spectral intensity distribution for the areas of the surface (rather than absolute values of intensity of the reflected light) was evaluated. It was found that the areas in a cubed MSI image representing ink and papyrus were separable due to their distinctive spectral signatures. The developed technique for enhancing the contrast of the inscriptions was shown to work effectively over a large range of lightness for both ink and papyrus surface.

The results of theoretical investigation of the peculiarities of exciton-phonon interaction in ε-InSe and its influence on the absorption spectrum in the domain of transitions into basic and higher exciton states are represented in this paper. The values of maximum shift of the corresponding exciton band and its half-width were calculated taking into account the interaction with low-energy and conventional longitudinal optical phonons and with oscillations of the bend wave important for layered crystals. For the bands connected with direct vertical transitions into the basic and higher exciton states the temperature changes of their partial shifts and extensions caused by the interaction with each of the mentioned branches of the phonon spectrum were studied.

This research is aimed to develop a new method of polymer dispersed liquid crystal morphology estimation. The possibility of application of the Mueller matrix approach for separate observation of isotropic and anisotropic parts of different PDLC samples was illustrated in it.

The polarization properties of dielectric films on an absorbing substrate in a neighbourhood of bifurcation points are investigated. It is shown that polarimetric and ellipsometric measurements of optic-geometric parameters of film structures are most sensitive in the areas of a bifurcation.

It is shown, what coverage of dioxide of tin is instrumental in the rise of sensitiveness of photodiodes sensible in the ultraviolet region of spectrum on the basis of selenid zinc and phosphide of gallium to 0,12 A/W and 0,2 A/W accordingly in the maximum of spectral description of sensitiveness. All so it is shown, that tape of nitrid silicon - dioxide of silicon a bit better clarifies silicon photodiode, especially on a wave-length 700 nm. Gluing composition, in general, worsens admission of tapes, and in a greater degree the admission of tape of nitrid silicon - dioxide of silicon.

Incidence of skin cancer has been increasing rapidly since the last few decades. Non-invasive optical diagnostic tools may improve the diagnostic accuracy. In this paper, skin structure, skin cancer statistics and subtypes of skin cancer are briefly reviewed. Among the subtypes, malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous; early detection dramatically improves the prognosis. Therefore, a non-invasive diagnostic tool for malignant melanoma is especially needed. In addition, in order for the diagnostic tool to be useful, it must be able to differentiate melanoma from common skin conditions such as seborrheic keratosis, a benign skin disease that resembles melanoma according to the well known clinical-assessment ABCD rule. The key diagnostic feature between these two diseases is surface roughness. Based on laser speckle contrast, our research team has recently developed a portable, optical, non-invasive, in-vivo diagnostic device for quantifying skin surface roughness. The methodology of our technique is described in details. Examining the preliminary data collected in a pilot clinical study for the prototype, we found that there was a difference in roughness between melanoma and seborrheic keratosis. In fact, there was a perfect cutoff value for the two diseases based on our initial data.

Optical investigations of Red Blood Cell (RBC) sedimentation demonstrate a complexity of the process. One of the most important problem in the study of the process is an accurate measurement of the velocity of settling RBC aggregates. Up to now, the vertical component of the velocity has only been estimated. It is shown that particle image velocimetry (PIV), which has been successfully adopted in the study of sedimentation of non-Brownian particles, permits to obtain velocity vectors of the RBC aggregates. Two-dimensional velocity fields of the aggregates during sedimentation are determined. The velocity maps of the settling aggregates demonstrate that the motion of the aggregates is quite irregular and depends on the time.

Optical tomography is a new medical imaging modality that is at the threshold of realization. A large amount of clinical work has shown the very real benefits that such a method could provide. At the same time a considerable effort has been put into theoretical studies of its probable success. At present there exist gaps between these two realms. In this paper we review some general approaches to inverse problems to set the context for optical tomography. An essential requirement is to treat the problem in a nonlinear fashion, by using an iterative method. The inverse problem is approached by numerical solutions methods using MathCad program. The Radon transform is the basic tool of the computerized tomography. In the sequel we introduce this transform, review some properties and present a numerical program for its inversion. We show some results that represent the most complex and realistic simulations of optical tomography yet developed.

Energy density approach as a modification of the coherent potential approximation was applied to analyze the influence of aging-caused changes in the fibrous tissue on its birefringence. The real fibrous tissue such as tendon was modeled by disordered array of partially oriented dielectric cylinders illuminated by a normally incident linearly polarized plane wave. The supraspinatus human tendon was taken as an object for theoretical modeling. The morphological features of the studied tissue were considered for a system of collagen fiber bundles embedded in a carbohydrate matrix. The latter one is a mixture of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Age-caused changes of the fibers and matrix influence on the spectral dependence of optical anisotropy spectrum.

Polished titanium surface and four differently carbon doped titanium surfaces are investigated to characterize adsorption and desorption of human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) molecules. The surface tension and surface energy of carbon doped titanium and other comparative titanium surfaces used in the experiments were observed by measuring optically the contact angle of water droplet on the treated surfaces. The dielectric constant of each bulk surface was measured utilizing ellipsometry in dry environment. Whereas the temporal adsorption or desorption of HPF molecules on test surfaces in background electrolyte with and without HPF molecules were measured using an optical correlator, which utilizes a diffractive optical element (DOE) in non-contact domain. The optical correlator operates in coherent and in non-coherent mode, which allows sensing of optical path differences providing information on the optical roughness (R_opt), contrary to the mechanical roughness obtained from atomic force microscope (AFM) profilometer, and reflectance of the surfaces immersed into a liquid. The knowledge of the parameters helps us to understand mechanisms behind attachment of HPF molecules on biomaterial surfaces in hard tissue replacement.

The results of experimental study of possibility to monitor the micro-vascular blood flow in superficial tissues of various organs with the use of endoscope-based full-field speckle correlometer are presented. The blood microcirculation monitoring was carried out in the course of the laparotomy of abdominal cavity of laboratory animals (rats). Transfer of laser light to the area of interest and scattered radiation from the probed zone to the detector (CMOS camera) was carried out via fiber-optic bundles of endoscopic system. Microscopic hemodynamics was analyzed for small intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas under different conditions (normal state, provocated peritonitis and ischemia, administration of vasodilative agents such as papaverine, lidocaine). The prospects and problems of internal monitoring of microvascular flow in laboratory and clinical conditions are discussed.

This paper follows to combine optical and biochemical techniques for identification the cell membrane transformation in the dynamic of growth and development of experimental solid tumour. The increase of the biochemical parameters during to the 14^th day of the tumor growth followed by a decrease of the investigated reactions dove by the absence (in our case) of the polyunsaturated fatty acids from the membrane lipids was shown. It was established than a combination between the polarimetry method with biochemical essays can deliver new date to identify the cell transformation. Keywords: polarization, biological tissue, malignant tumor, spectropolatimetry.

This work is directed to the investigation of the scope of the technique of laser polarimetry and polarization spectrometry of oncological changes of the human prostate tissue under the conditions of multiple scattering. It was shown that the third statistic moment in the intensity distribution proved to be the most sensitive to pathological changes in orientation structure. Its value in the intensity distribution of polarization image I (0 - 90) of oncologically changed tissue is 21 times higher if compared with the similar statistic parameter of the intensity distribution of the healthy tissue. The results of studies of size linear dichroism prostate gland, as healthy and affected by malignant tumor at different stages of its development was presented. Significant difference in the values of linear dichroism and its spectral dependence in the spectral range λ = 280 - 840 nm as between research facilities, and between biotissues - healthy (or affected by benign tumors) and cancer patients was shown. These results may have diagnostic value for detection and assessment of the development of cancer.

The qualities of the polarization-correlation structure of the images of thin film of aminoacid are researched. The samples of 20 aminoacid were used in the experiment on the modified micropolarimeter. Research methods are Mueller matrices polarimetry and spectropolarimetry in 200-2000 nm, as well as spectrometry in 2500-10 000 nm. The two-dimensional distribution of Stocks image are obtained, the correlated analysis of the necessary images was carried out. The specific for every amino acids uniaxial character of the crystals was corroborated.

The interconnections between the statistical (statistical moments of the 1^st-4^th orders), correlation (autocorrelation functions of polarization azimuths and ellipticity distributions) and fractal (log - log dependencies of power spectra of azimuths and ellipticities distributions) parameters of the two-layer biological tissue and its partial phase-inhomogeneous layers are investigated.

The technique of polarization reconstruction of Mueller-matrix images of partial layers of 2-component real biological structure "muscle tissue - skin derma" is proposed. It has been shown that coordinate distributions of polarizationally reconstructed elements of Mueller matrix of skin derma and muscle tissue have similar topological structure in comparison with experimentally determined Muller matrix images of real biological tissues partial layers. Similar trends are observed for statistical, correlation and fractal parameters.

The express method of laser diagnostics of thrombus formation process in a whole blood is presented. This method is based on experimental investigations of backscattered laser radiation by a whole blood. The technique of experimental researches of backscattered laser radiation by whole blood is shown. It is established that the stochastization of fluctuations of backscattered intensity decreases under the influence of thrombin, that gives the possibility to estimate continuance of thrombus formation process.

A method for determining optical proline concentrations in samples of natural waters, based on the measurement value angle of the plane of polarization of radiation of a certain wavelength λ, which has been studied by the liquid thickness l = 5 sm was developed. Three wavelength λ = 400, 450, 500 nm were used. A series of reference samples was produced: aqueous solutions of L and D forms proline of a known concentration within c = (0.001 - 0,1) %. Based on these studies, for each λ gauge dependent quantities of angle α = f (c) was built. Using them and conducting measurements of angles α for the real natural environments, the possibility of determination of the concentration of proline in them was actualized. It was determined that in waters within the city of Chernivtsy and its surroundings occured proline of two forms: L and D, the concentration of which is within c = (0,005 - 0,094)%.

The paper deals with investigating the processes of laser radiation transformation by biological crystals networks using the singular optics techniques. The results obtained showed a distinct correlation between the points of "characteristic" values of coordinate distributions of Mueller matrix (Mik = 0, ±1) elements and polarization singularities (S- and Cpoints) of laser transformation of biological crystals networks with the following possibility of Mueller-matrix selection of polarization singularity. The technique of Mueller-matrix singular diagnostics of pathological changes of women's reproductive sphere tissue (myometrium) is proposed.

The differentiation of optical anisotropic property of biological crystal networks is analyzed by means of the statistic and correlation analysis of new analytical parameter - the degree of mutual correlation of biological tissues Mueller matrices of different morphological structure and physiological state.

Specific features of the formation of local and statistical polarization structures of laser radiation scattered in phaseinhomogeneous layers of biological tissue were studied. The distribution of azimuth and eccentricity of boundary field polarization was found to correlate with the orientation-phase structure of phase-inhomogeneous layers. A method of polarization phase reconstruction of biological tissue architectonics was suggested.

The paper is aimed at researching the effectiveness of differentiation of optical anisotropic property of organic crystal networks by means of the statistic and correlation analysis of new analytical parameter - the degree of mutual correlation of biological tissues Mueller matrices of different morphological structure and physiological state.

This research is aimed to investigate the reliability of Mueller-matrix differentiation of birefringence change of optically thick layers of biological tissues at the early stages of their physiological state changes. This is performed by measuring the set of asymmetry and excess values of Mueller matrix image of the phase element M₄₄ in various points of the object under investigation.