An optical phased array (OPA) is a high-speed beam steering device which has no mechanical moving part. An antenna pitch of the OPA is important factor to determine the steering angle. We focused on high-speed phase modulator using an organic electro-optic (EO) polymer and plasmonic waveguide structure which has nano-scale light confinement effect to suppress crosstalk. We proposed OPA structure combined with organic EO polymer and inorganic materials such as Nb2O5 and metals. Mode converters from EO polymer optical phase modulator to Nb2O5 waveguide and plasmonic waveguide were designed by numerical simulation.
Organic electro-optic (EO) polymers are promising candidates for high performance modulator. An EO polymer modulator has excellent optical properties such as low driven voltage and high-speed operation. We successfully developed an EO polymer to demonstrate modulator for visible wavelength. A modulator was demonstrated and evaluated using developed EO polymer at wavelength 640nm. As results of applying a voltage to the fabricated modulator, the voltage-length product 0.52 Vcm was obtained. This is much more efficient than the conventional modulator for near-infrared wavelength.
The modulator using organic electro-optic (EO) polymers has excellent optical properties such as high-speed operation and low driven voltage. The modulator using EO polymer were previously proposed and demonstrated at communication wavelength. We prepared the EO polymer to demonstrate the modulator operated at visible wavelength. Our synthesized EO polymer has low optical loss at operating wavelength. The Mach-Zehnder modulator was fabricated to evaluate modulation properties. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the highly efficient modulator using EO polymer at visible wavelength.
EO polymer/silicon hybrid optical modulators have attracted much attention to their potential use of the optical interconnects in data center for small drive voltage and low-power-consumption. We investigated the photochemical stability of our synthesized O-band compatible EO polymer under irradiation by using a continuous-wave 1310-nm laser. In this presentation, we will report the results of the temperature dependence of the rate constant. Based on the results obtained, we will discuss the effects of excited singlet oxygen on the photochemical stability of the EO polymers.
Ultra-high frequency electric field detection such as terahertz electric field is one of the most important terahertz technologies, and various applications are expected in fields of terahertz science and ultra-high-speed wireless communication. In this research, we have developed a new fabrication technique for producing free-standing films of poled EO polymers and laminated films with various film thicknesses for a high-efficiency and wideband THz wave detection using Pockels effect or Stark effect of EO polymers. For this purpose, polycarbonate (PC) based EO polymers with a high glass transition temperature and robustness are used.
We developed a high-performance EO polymer for visible light by adopting figures of merit (FOMs) including wavelength factors to compare the performance of EO polymers over a wide wavelength range. We found EO polymers whose FOMs at 640 nm are larger than those at 1550 nm of the C-band EO polymer. A modulator using the EO polymer for visible light gives that the modulator’s figure of merit, VpiL is as small as 0.65 V·cm, which is smaller than the typical value of C-band EO polymer modulators.
In Beyond 5G wireless communication, the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology that transmits signal waveforms of terahertz waves (0.1-10 THz) using optical fibers will be important. To realize such technology, it is required to develop a device that converts a terahertz signal into an optical signal. Organic electro-optic (EO) polymers can have large EO coefficients (> ~100 pm/V) and realize ultra-high-speed optical modulation of several hundred GHz or more. In this research, we prototyped 150-GHz-band antenna-coupled optical modulators with EO polymer waveguides and patch antenna arrays using a transfer and bonding method of a poled EO polymer film.
Stark effect is usually ignored because large effect is observed only at a wavelength where absorption is large. However, we found that contribution of the Stark effect is not negligible in the measurement of EO coefficient r even at a wavelength where the absorption is relatively small. Large Stark effect is useful for terahertz (THz) wave detection. The advantages of THz wave detection by the Stark effect is the wide bandwidth and simple optical geometry. Utilizing the Stark effect in EO polymers provides us with a wide variety of applications for electromagnetic wave detection.
We have been investigating an optical phased array (OPA) using an electro-optic (EO) polymer, that can control the shape and direction of an optical beam at high speed. In this study, we propose an OPA which consists of hybrid waveguides with organic and inorganic optical core materials. By applying the taper structure to the inorganic core at the connection part, we inproved coupling efficiency.
Optical phased array is an important device for beam steering. To achieve the optical phased array which has wide steering angle, it is necessary the narrow antenna pitch. In this report, we proposed and investigated numerically the plasmonic waveguides antenna which has the low crosstalk for wide steering angle in the optical phased array. It was found that the crosstalk at the antenna pitch 800 nm of the gap type plasmonic waveguide can be almost ignored by the numerical simulation. The steering angle 156 degrees much wider than that of the conventional waveguides was achieved at this antenna pitch.
In Beyond 5G wireless communication, it is expected that the radio over fiber (RoF) technology that transmits signal waveforms of terahertz waves (0.1-10 THz) using optical fibers will be important. In this research, we fabricated optical modulators consisting of the patch antenna arrays and electro-optic (EO) polymer waveguides, aiming to develop a device that directly modulates light by irradiating electromagnetic waves in the W band (75-110 GHz). We also prototyped a device structure with a ground electrode to improve the efficiency of the electromagnetic wave detection.
Organic electro-optic (EO) polymers have attracted much attention to their potential use of the optical interconnection for faster data communication. Photochemical stability is a crucial problem to be solved for using in commercial systems. We investigated the photochemical stability of the EO polymers under irradiation of a laser at the O-band (1310 nm) to reveal the factors of photodegradation and to obtain a good estimate for the operating lifetime of the devices. Based on the results obtained, we will discuss the effects of excited singlet oxygen on the photochemical stability of the EO polymers.
In the present study, we fabricated novel electro-optic (EO) phase modulators using EO polymer waveguides and gold antenna arrays for continuous-wave terahertz (THz) detection. We used a cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) with very small absorption losses and low dielectric constants in the THz region as a substrate, enabling relatively large antenna size with small absorption loss for increasing modulation efficiency. By irradiating W-band (75-110 GHz) electromagnetic waves on the devices, we observed modulation sidebands in the measured optical spectra and successfully demonstrated the electromagnetic wave detection.
We present a phase compensation method for an optical phased array (OPA) to manipulate a sharply defined optical beam. Undesirable initial phase distribution caused by non-uniformity of fabrication processes and variation in the characteristics of phase shifters is measured by utilizing phase-shifting digital holography, where a light wave from a waveguide in arrayed waveguides is used as a reference wave and light waves from the other waveguides are used as object waves. The initial phases can be compensated by using the measured result without falling into local optimal solutions. A numerical simulation showed that the initial phases were correctly measured and compensated by using the proposed method. Applications of the proposed compensation method to a fabricated OPA with 16-channel electro-optic polymer waveguides results in obtaining a sharply defined optical beam.
Electro-optic (EO) polymers are key materials for next generation optical communications not only in wide area network but also in local area and storage area network because EO polymer modulator can be operated at fast speed more than 100 GHz with low energy consumption and can be miniaturized in combination with silicon photonics. In practical applications, thermal stability is one of the important issues to be considered for developing EO polymers. Since EO activity of the polymer is proportional to dipole orientation factor of the EO moieties, electric field assisted poling around glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer is necessary. However, the poled order of the molecules relaxes gradually at finite temperature, and then EO activity decreases after long period of time. We have successfully developed thermally stable EO polymers that have high-Tg up to 180 °C. They show excellent thermal stability with the Telcordia thermal test. Thermal stability is also characterized by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measurement. Analyzing the TSDC, we can estimate the activation energy and relaxation time of polarization at any temperature. We will discuss thermal stability of the high-Tg EO polymers and devices.
Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a promising biomaterial for several applications. Optical excitation of bR at an electrode-electrolyte interface generates differential photocurrents while an incident light is turned on and off. This unique functional response is similar to that seen in retinal neurons. The bR-based bipolar photosensor consists of the bR dip-coated thin films patterned on two ITO plates and the electrolyte solution. This bipolar photocell will function as a biomimetic photoreceptor cell. The bipolar structure, due to the photocurrent being generated in alignment with the cathodic direction, makes the excitatory and inhibitory regions possible. This scheme shows our bipolar cell can act as a basic unit of edge detection and forms the artificial visual receptive field.
Polymer electro-optic (EO) waveguides are key component of high performance electro-optic switches. Recently, EO chromophore and host polymer matrix are investigated to get high EO coefficient (r33) and fabricate waveguide structures. To realize high r33, chromophore density in host polymer matrix must be increased. However, high loading density results in lowering of resistivity of EO material. It becomes a problem when chromophore is poled in waveguide structure and EO modulator is worked at low frequency. In this case, EO material is sandwiched by other cladding materials but usually these materials have low conductivity compared with EO material. It means effective electric field applied to EO material and r33 is reduced by cladding material layers. To improve these difficulties, we proposed new chromophore contained polymer material as cladding material of EO waveguide. Addition of EO chromospheres (6 wt %) increase conductivity to 106~107 Ω•m. The value is comparable or above to EO materials. We also present fabrication results of EO ridge waveguide with the chromophore contained cladding polymer.
Surface plasmons are coupling waves of electron and electromagnetic field at interfaces of metal and dielectrics or metallic nanostructures and localize at the boundary with nanoscale distribution. So, by using surface plasmons, one can construct integrated optical systems to overcome the diffraction limit of light. Recently, a special electromagnetic mode, called “superfocusing modes”, is important in this research area, owing to high field concentration effect due to increasing of wavenumber of surface plasmons. Metal-coat tapered optical fibers are commonly used for the probes of near-field microscopy and are suitable for fabrication of these superfocusing devices. Furthermore, when these probes are arranged face to face with nano-scale gap, the electric fields in nano-gap also can be enhanced. In this presentation, we show the fabrication processes and numerical analysis of these metal cone structures consist of tapered optical fiber pairs on chip.
The molecular chromphores with high first hyperpolarizability values have been reported with the development of
conjugated polyene-bridge or thiophene-bridge system and strong tricyano-containing heterocyclic electron acceptors. In
this work, we investigated the enhancement of the electro-optic response by introducing various groups, such as OCH3,
Ophenel, OTBDMS, etc, as an additional donor part on conventional FTC type donor-π-acceptor molecules. These new
type donors exhibited a strong solvatochromic effect, indicating an extra donation to the pi-conjugated bridge, which
shifted the charge-transfer absorption of the chromophores to the lower energy region. Furthermore, the simple
modification on the donor moiety resulted in a great improvement in the first hyperpolarizability and macroscopic
electro-optic coefficient (r33) over the benchmark dialkylamino FTC counterparts. For the real applications, the stronger
acceptor was adopted to further increase the r33 and such a chromophore was post-functionalized as side-chain polymer
to enhance the temporal stability.
A hyper-branched molecule, such as a dendrimer, has a repeated structure consisting of molecules with low molecular weights. As it is possible to produce relatively large and well-defined macromolecular structures, these structures are suitable for use as frameworks for controlling nanoscale intermolecular interactions. We discuss about managing intermolecular interactions among optical responsive molecules using the framework of super molecular structures, such as dendrons and dendrimers. The dendrimer works as a nano-sized cage, which is effectively protect photoactive choromophores from photobleaching and quenching. The dendron works as a cone-shaped anchor, which leads effective surface modification with photoactive molecules on gold.
Dendrimers are capable to encapsulate small molecules inside them. Because three-dimensional structures of dendrimers are highly controllable, energy transfers among dye molecules encapsulated inside them can be controlled precisely. Electronic energy transfers from optical excited molecules are categorized into two classes, Forster and Dexter types. Inter-molecular interactions between encapsulated dyes can be expressed as the Forster (singlet-singlet) energy transfer, because the size of dendrimers extends to a few nanometers. We have evaluated time resolved optical responses in rhodamine-cored dendrimer films. Fast decay in fluorescent lifetime is observed and it depends on the dendrimer size. A low generation dendrimer shows lifetime as short as 10 psec without severe quenching of fluorescence. A quadratic dependence of the emission intensity on density of molecules indicates that the origin of the short lifetime is not only energy transfer, but also super-radiance. Since the Dexter (triplet-triplet) energy transfer occurs in short range of 1.0 nm, we attached both donor and acceptor molecules to a dendrimer for investigation. We demonstrated photocrosslinking via triplet-triplet energy transfer from donor molecules encapsulated to acceptors attached at the surface. This procedure of triplet-triplet energy transfer in dendritic molecules opens up way to design novel optical and electrical molecular devices.
We have investigated optical properties of dye-encapsulated dendrimers for photonic applications and observed several interesting behavior, such as controlled intermolecular interactions, super-radiance, and supernarrowing laser emission. We confirmed limited inter molecular interactions between encapsulated dyes in fluorescence lifetime measurement of rhodamine B-cored dendrimers with different shell sizes. Also, photochemical stability against singlet oxygen was studied for fluorescent dyes encapsulated in a dendrimer box and the lifetime was improved by 60 times due to the shielding effect of the dendrimer shell. A supernarrowing laser spectrum was observed without using any resonator mirrors due to moderate scattering caused by densely doped dendrimer aggregates in a polymer waveguide. At the optimum operation level, the spectral linewidth is found to be 0.55 nm, which is limited by the resolution of the spectrograph used. Weak scattering from the aggregated dendrimers in the host polymer matrix with gain is responsible for photon localization. However, in contrast to conventional random lasers with strong scattering, weak scattering enables the long amplification path through the waveguide producing a directional beam and a supernarrowing spectrum. The dependence of supernarrowing lasing behavior on the density of the scattering moiety was studied by changing the dendrimer doping ratios in the polymer matrix.
KEYWORDS: Near field optics, Electrodes, Nonlinear optics, Spatial resolution, Molecules, Signal detection, Microscopes, Interfaces, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Atomic force microscopy
New developments in the semiconductor industry are driven by two trends: reducing the device dimensions and further increase of the switching speeds or electrical bandwidths. The electronics industry average feature sizes of integrated circuits (ICs) will be of the order of 100 nm by the year 2010. For instance, currently produced MOS field-effect transistors support electrical fields between the source and the drain that are greater than 105 V/micrometer with switching speeds of 10 - 100 psec. Techniques which would resolve such electrical fields, with the appropriate resolutions in time and in space, are of paramount interest both at the industrial level and in basic research. Initial experiments performed on samples consisting of two metallic electrodes deposited on fused silica substrates covered by thin polymer films show that with only 1 (mu) W of average optical power, a second harmonic signal triggered by an AC/DC field could easily be detected with a spatial resolution of less than 1 micrometer. We anticipate electrical field detection sensitivity of less than 1 mV/micrometer with our technique with 100 nm resolution spatially and less than 1 psec resolution in time.
Second harmonic generation via counter propagating beams was demonstrated in poled polymer channel waveguides which were efficiently poled by in-plane geometry (d22 equals 153 pm/V). Although applications for high speed signal processing, such as pulse convolution and wavelength division multiplexing, are our primary object, it has competitive potential for frequency doublers against normal co-propagating geometries because of utilization of large resonant nonlinearities.
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