Noble metal nanoparticles have large cross-sections in both optical and electron microscopy and plasmon coupling
between noble metal nanoparticles facilitate the characterization of subdiffraction limit separations through spectral
analysis of the scattered light in Plasmon Coupling Microscopy (PCM). The size compatibility of noble metal
nanoparticles together with the ability to encode specific functionality in a rational fashion by control of the nanoparticle
surface makes noble metal nanoparticles unique probes for a broad range of biological processes. Recent applications of
the technology include i.) characterization of cellular heterogeneity in nanomaterial uptake and processing through
macrophages, ii.) testing the role of viral membrane lipids in mediating viral binding and trafficking, and iii.)
characterizing the spatial organization of cancer biomarkers in plasma membranes. This paper reviews some of these
applications and introduces the physical and material science principles underlying them. We will also introduce the use
of membrane wrapped noble metal nanoparticles, which combine the superb photophysical properties of a nanoparticle
core with the biological functionality of a membrane, as probes in PCM.
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