Prof. Dimitris C. Lagoudas Profile

Prof. Dimitris C. Lagoudas

Distinguished University Professor at Texas A&M Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author

Publications (86)

Proceedings Article | 22 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Comparison of linear and torsional SMA actuators for morphing applications

Wonjoon Suk, Anargyros Karakalas, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 11588, 1158812 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583329

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Shape memory alloys, Surgery, Aerospace engineering, System integration, Robotics, Aerodynamics

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Proceedings Article | 22 April 2020 Presentation + Paper

Effect of tension-compression asymmetry and partial transformation on the response of shape memory alloy beam structures

Anargyros Karakalas, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 11377, 1137715 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2563123

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Beam shaping, Wind energy, Aerospace engineering, Wind turbine technology, Finite element methods, Structural engineering, Actuators, Modeling and simulation, Numerical modeling

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Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) constitute a class of materials that are distinguished by their highly non-linear, thermo-mechanically coupled behaviour which is related with the phenomena accompanying the diffusion-less, solid-state phase transformation. This transition from the parent phase of Austenite to the product phase of Martensite and vice versa is also bound with the uncommon characteristic of “memory” exhibited when the material undergoes variable thermo-mechanical loadings. When a transformation reversal takes place, the material seems to inherently remember its state and adapts its future response in order to form closed paths, strongly dependent on the induced transformation history. Furthermore, another characteristic trait of SMAs is the asymmetry of their response when under tension or compression. During mixed loading states, such as bending of a beam, the evolution of transformation is observed to be different based on the sign of the load. The aforementioned peculiarities significantly affect the implementation SMAs in the design and realization of smart engineering structures intended for use in a wide range of fields that include but are not limited to aerospace, biomedical, wind energy, civil and automotive. To this end, efficient constitutive modeling of the phenomena related to the phase transformation is essential and of high importance in order to predict the complex performance of these materials. In this paper, emphasis is placed upon the investigation of the combined effect of tension-compression asymmetry and partial transformation on the response of SMA beams subjected to threepoint bending loading conditions. In this context, modeling of tension-compression asymmetry is investigated by using a set of different phase transformation functions based on the principles of computational plasticity, while a modified hardening function is considered to account for partial transformation behaviour. The produced numerical results are compared with respective cases that omit these phenomena in order to quantify their effect in terms of the developed stresses, material state and production/recovery of transformation strain.

Proceedings Article | 29 March 2019 Paper

Fracture toughness of martensitic NiTiHf high-temperature shape memory alloy

B. Haghgouyan, B. Young, I. Karaman, D. Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10968, 109680A (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2514432

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Digital image correlation, Scanning electron microscopy, Aerospace engineering, Calorimetry, Mechanics, Heat treatments

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Proceedings Article | 18 March 2019 Presentation + Paper

Representative volume size in micromechanical modeling of precipitated SMAs

Jobin Joy, Aitor Cruzado, Alexandros Solomou, A. Benzerga, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10973, 109730D (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2514321

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Particles, Heat treatments, Homogenization, Statistical analysis

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2018 Presentation + Paper

Corrosion monitoring of NiTi alloy with small-amplitude potential intermodulation technique

M. Mohajeri, H. Castaneda, D. Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10596, 1059616 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2300947

KEYWORDS: Corrosion, Polarization, Intermodulation, Shape memory alloys, Metals, Electrodes, Nondestructive evaluation, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2018 Presentation + Paper

Damage evolution during actuation fatigue in shape memory alloys (SPIE Best Student Paper Award)

Francis Phillips, Robert Wheeler, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10596, 1059608 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2295344

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, X-ray computed tomography, Digital image correlation

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2018 Presentation + Paper

Experimental and numerical investigation of the stable crack growth regime under pseudoelastic loading in shape memory alloys

Behrouz Haghgouyan, Sameer Jape, Ceylan Hayrettin, Theocharis Baxevanis, Ibrahim Karaman, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10596, 1059612 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2300902

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Finite element methods, Numerical analysis, Materials science, Aerospace engineering, Mechanical engineering

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 2018 Paper

Constitutive response of precipitation hardened Ni-Ti-Hf shape memory alloys through micromechanical modeling

Jobin Joy, Alexandros Solomou, Theocharis Baxevanis, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10595, 105952G (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2296405

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Diffusion, Heat treatments, Finite element methods, Calibration, Actuators, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2017 Presentation + Paper

Predicting the constitutive response of precipitation hardened NiTiHf

Jobin Joy, Alexandros Solomou, Theocharis Baxevanis, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10165, 101650F (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263501

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Nickel, Titanium, Diffusion, Hafnium, Transmission electron microscopy, Heat treatments, Image processing, Particles, Systems modeling, Actuators, Chemical elements

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2017 Presentation + Paper

Influence of stress concentrations on failure of shape memory alloy actuators

Francis Phillips, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10165, 101650D (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2262128

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Failure analysis, Mechanics, Manufacturing, Digital image correlation, Spherical lenses, Temperature metrology, Solids, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 10 April 2017 Paper

Recent developments on SMA actuators: predicting the actuation fatigue life for variable loading schemes

Robert Wheeler, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 10172, 101720E (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2263502

KEYWORDS: Metals, Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Data modeling, Smart materials, Aerospace engineering, Nickel, Calibration, Heat treatments, Control systems, LabVIEW

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Proceedings Article | 21 April 2016 Paper

Fracture toughness of shape memory alloy actuators: effect of transformation-induced plasticity

Sameer Jape, Alexandros Solomou, Theocharis Baxevanis, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9800, 98000C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2219495

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Failure analysis, Prototyping, Solid state electronics, Aerospace engineering, Crystals, Finite element methods, Temperature metrology, Absorption, Solid state physics, Numerical analysis, Thermodynamics, Atrial fibrillation

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Proceedings Article | 18 April 2016 Paper

Actuator lifetime predictions for Ni60Ti40 shape memory alloy plate actuators

Robert Wheeler, Cade Ottmers, Brett Hewling, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9800, 98000E (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2219514

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Shape memory alloys, Failure analysis, Systems modeling, Digital image correlation, Aerospace engineering, Solid state physics, Mathematical modeling, Mathematics, Calibration, Infrared sensors, Biomedical optics, Data modeling, Infrared imaging, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 2 April 2015 Paper

Modeling and development of a twisting wing using inductively heated shape memory alloy actuators

Robert Saunders, Darren Hartl, James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9431, 94310U (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2175692

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Skin, 3D modeling, Manufacturing, Sensors, Aerospace engineering, Finite element methods, Electromagnetism, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 1 April 2015 Paper

Modeling of thermo-mechanical fatigue and damage in shape memory alloy axial actuators

Robert Wheeler, Darren Hartl, Yves Chemisky, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9432, 94320K (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2175747

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Calibration, Shape memory alloys, Failure analysis, LabVIEW, Aerospace engineering, Systems modeling, Stationary wavelet transform, Solid state physics, Control systems

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Proceedings Article | 10 April 2014 Paper

The importance of interfacial resistance on the thermal behavior of carbon nanofiber/epoxy composites

Frank Gardea, Mohammad Naraghi, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9061, 906121 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2048624

KEYWORDS: Interfaces, Composites, Resistance, Thermal effects, Nanocomposites, Carbon, Finite element methods, Nanofibers, Heat flux, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 10 March 2014 Paper

Stable crack growth during actuation in shape memory alloys

Sameer Jape, Theocharis Baxevanis, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9058, 905802 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2048590

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Finite element methods

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2014 Paper

Modeling size effect in the SMA response: a gradient theory

Majid Tabesh, James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9058, 905803 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2048623

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys

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Proceedings Article | 9 March 2014 Paper

Folding patterns and shape optimization using SMA-based self-folding laminates

Edwin Peraza-Hernandez, Katherine Frei, Darren Hartl, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 9057, 90571G (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2045561

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Finite element methods, Optimization (mathematics), Genetic algorithms, Composites, Algorithm development, Atrial fibrillation, Manufacturing, Data modeling, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 30 March 2012 Paper

Design of shape memory alloy pipe couplers: modeling and experiments

Majid Tabesh, Kadri Atli, John Rohmer, Brian Franco, Ibrahim Karaman, James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 8343, 83430J (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.915361

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Heat treatments, Temperature metrology, Finite element methods, 3D modeling, Niobium, Manufacturing, Resistance, Atrial fibrillation, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 28 March 2012 Paper

Phenomenological modeling of induced transformation anisotropy in shape memory alloy actuators

Darren Hartl, Alexandros Solomou, Dimitris Lagoudas, Dimitris Saravanos

Proceedings Volume 8342, 83421M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.915972

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, 3D modeling, Finite element methods, Calibration, Actuators, Anisotropy, Fourier transforms, Atrial fibrillation, Thermodynamics, Materials processing

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Proceedings Article | 23 March 2012 Paper

Modeling fluid structure interaction with shape memory alloy actuated morphing aerostructures

Stephen Oehler, Darren Hartl, Travis Turner, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 8343, 834305 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.918061

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Finite element methods, 3D modeling, Fluid dynamics, Solids, Data modeling, Computational fluid dynamics, Calibration, Actuators, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 28 April 2011 Paper

Model predictions of strain and magnetization responses under magneto-thermo-mechanical loading paths in magnetic shape memory alloys

Krishnendu Haldar, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7978, 79781N (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.885035

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, 3D modeling, Shape memory alloys, Calibration, Thermodynamics, Temperature metrology, Technetium, Anisotropy, Thermal effects, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 28 April 2011 Paper

Virtual processing of hybrid SMA composites through martensitic transformation

Brian Lester, Yves Chemisky, Andrew Geltmacher, Siddiq. Qidwei, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7978, 79781L (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884624

KEYWORDS: Composites, Shape memory alloys, Ceramics, Tomography, Matrices, Analytical research, X-rays, Multifunctional materials, Metals, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 28 April 2011 Paper

Analysis and optimization of improved hybrid SMA flexures for high rate actuation

Stephen Oehler, Darren Hartl, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7979, 797907 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.882179

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Aluminum, Copper, Silver, Finite element methods, Aerospace engineering, Thermal effects, Thermal modeling, Optimization (mathematics)

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The utilization of shape memory alloys (SMAs) as actuators in aerospace applications continues to show promise. These materials, when subjected to controlled changes in temperature, have the capability to provide motion while under loads that exceed thousands of times their own weight and can do so over tens of thousands of cycles. However, the rate of thermally-induced SMA transformation is significantly hindered by low thermal conductivity and latent heat effects observed in this material. The relatively long cooling times observed in SMA geometries such as beams and tubes make it difficult for controlled devices to operate with sufficiently high frequency. Therefore, the application of SMA beams as aerospace control actuators has been limited. Morphing structures such as flight control mechanisms require higher cyclic actuation frequencies than are commonly observed in SMAs, and thus have motivated the effort to increase thermal actuation rates attainable in SMA active components. This work presents an analytical study of a tapered beam actuator and discusses the possibility of using SMAs in conjunction with more conductive materials to enhance actuation performance, especially with regard to actuation cyclic frequency. The analysis involves computing the actuation work output over time of various loaded, thermally cycled active SMA beams using an accurate constitutive model implemented in a finite element framework. This set of analyses considers the solution to a transient thermomechanically coupled problem and includes the effects of latent heat of transformation on the energy balance. The study compares the effectiveness of aluminum, copper, and silver secondary material regions and their geometric configurations in altering the actuation power-to-mass ratio of the beam. An optimization scheme is used to determine the geometric distribution of each secondary material that results in the highest power-to-mass ratio. It is shown that aluminum, when optimally distributed, provides the best overall design solution of the three materials considered.

Proceedings Article | 27 April 2011 Paper

The influence of stress and temperature on the residual strain generated during pseudoelastic cycling of NiTi SMA wires

Parikshith Kumar, Celia Caer, Grant Atkinson, Etienne Patoor, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7978, 79781E (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.881994

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Heat treatments, Temperature metrology, Multifunctional materials, Custom fabrication, Calorimetry, Atrial fibrillation, Aerospace engineering, Mechanics, Composites

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Proceedings Article | 31 March 2010 Paper

Constitutive modeling of magneto-mechanical coupling response of magnetic field-induced phase transformations in NiMnCoIn magnetic shape memory alloys

Krishnendu Haldar, Dimitris Lagoudas, Burak Basaran, Ibrahim Karaman

Proceedings Volume 7644, 764410 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847746

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Shape memory alloys, Temperature metrology, Thermal effects, Data modeling, Thermodynamics, Calibration, Magnetic sensors, Sensors, Ferromagnetics

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Proceedings Article | 31 March 2010 Paper

Phase transformation and creep behavior in Ti50Pd30Ni20 high temperature shape memory alloy in compression

Parikshith Kumar, Uri Desai, James Monroe, Dimitris Lagoudas, Ibrahim Karaman, Ron Noebe, Glenn Bigelow

Proceedings Volume 7644, 76440Q (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.851737

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Temperature metrology, Diffusion, Aerospace engineering, Sodium, Surface finishing, Polishing, Custom fabrication, Material characterization

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Proceedings Article | 31 March 2010 Paper

Stability of the magnetomechanical problem in magnetic shape memory alloys

George Chatzigeorgiou, Krishnendu Haldar, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7644, 76440Y (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.847739

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Shape memory alloys, Numerical analysis, Data modeling, Materials processing, Analytical research, Maxwell's equations, Free space, Finite element methods, Magnetostrictive materials

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Proceedings Article | 31 March 2010 Paper

3D finite element analysis of indentation recovery due to the shape memory effect

James Nolan, Darren Hartl, Dimitris Lagoudas, David Grummon

Proceedings Volume 7644, 76440M (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.852715

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Finite element methods, 3D modeling, Spherical lenses, Shape analysis, Actuators, Chemical elements, Materials processing, Numerical analysis, Atrial fibrillation

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Proceedings Article | 1 April 2009 Paper

A constitutive model for high temperature SMAs exhibiting viscoplastic behavior

George Chatzigeorgiou, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7289, 72890U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.817689

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Thermodynamics, Calibration, Temperature metrology, Sodium, Thermal modeling, Palladium, Fourier transforms, Thulium, Curium

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Proceedings Article | 1 April 2009 Paper

Magnetic field-induced reversible phase transformation in magnetic shape memory alloys

Dimitris Lagoudas, Bjoern Kiefer, Krishnendu Haldar

Proceedings Volume 7289, 72891O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.816429

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Shape memory alloys, Crystals, Thermodynamics, Gallium nitride, Anisotropy, Data modeling, Finite element methods, Active remote sensing, Ferromagnetics

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Proceedings Article | 1 April 2009 Paper

Parametric study and characterization of the isobaric thermomechanical transformation fatigue of nickel-rich NiTi SMA actuators

Olivier Bertacchini, Justin Schick, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7289, 72890P (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.816430

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Heat treatments, Actuators, Oxides, Failure analysis, Surface finishing, Nickel, Homogenization, Nitrogen, Photomicroscopy

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The recent development of various aerospace applications utilizing Ni-rich NiTi Shape memory Alloys (SMAs) as actuators motivated the need to characterize the cyclic response and the transformation fatigue behavior of such alloys. The fatigue life validation and certification of new designs is required in order to be implemented and used in future applications. For that purpose, a custom built fatigue test frame was designed to perform isobaric thermally induced transformation cycles on small dogbones SMA actuators (test gauge cross-section up to: 1.270 x 0.508 mm²). A parametric study on the cyclic response and transformation fatigue behavior of Ni-rich NiTi SMAs led to the optimization of several material/process and test parameters, namely: the applied stress range, the heat treatment, the heat treatment environment and the specimen thickness. However, fatigue testing was performed in a chilled waterless glycol environment maintained at a temperature of 5°C that showed evidence of corrosion-assisted transformation fatigue failure. Therefore, it was necessary to build a fatigue test frame that would employ a dry and inert cooling methodology to get away from any detrimental interactions between the specimens and the cooling medium (corrosion). The selected cooling method was gaseous nitrogen, sprayed into a thermally insulated chamber, maintaining a temperature of -20°C. The design of the gaseous nitrogen cooling was done in such a way that the actuation frequency is similar to the one obtained using the original design (~ 0.1 Hz). For both cooling methods, Joule resistive heating was used to heat the specimens. In addition and motivated by the difference in surface quality resulting from different material processing such as EDM wire cutting and heat treatments, EDM recast layer and oxide layer were removed. The removal was followed by an ultra-fine polish (0.05 μm) that was performed on a subset of the fatigue specimens. Experimental results are presented for full actuation of the SMA actuators and are given in terms of applied stress, accumulated plastic strain and number of cycles to failure. In addition, the assessment of the influence of the surface quality is supported by fatigue tests results and post-failure microstructure analysis.

Proceedings Article | 1 April 2009 Paper

Experimental investigation and 3-D modeling of rate-dependent irrecoverable deformation in shape memory alloys

Darren Hartl, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7289, 72890L (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.816287

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Shape memory alloys, Calibration, Data modeling, Finite element methods, Numerical analysis, Algorithm development, Tolerancing, Thermal modeling, Thermodynamics

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Proceedings Article | 1 April 2009 Paper

Creep behavior in TiPdNi high temperature shape memory alloy

Parikshith Kumar, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 7289, 72890O (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.816407

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Temperature metrology, Aerospace engineering, Microscopy, Mechanics, Multifunctional materials, Composites, Lithium, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 23 April 2008 Paper

Thermomechanical characterization of the nonlinear rate-dependent response of shape memory polymers

Brent Volk, Dimitris Lagoudas, Yi-Chao Chen

Proceedings Volume 6929, 69291B (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776372

KEYWORDS: Shape memory polymers, Glasses, Temperature metrology, Aerospace engineering, Polymers, Shape memory alloys, Visualization, Intelligence systems, Manufacturing, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 3 April 2008 Paper

Thermomechanical cyclic loading and fatigue life characterization of nickel rich NiTi shape-memory alloy actuators

Olivier Bertacchini, Dimitris Lagoudas, Frederick Calkins, James Mabe

Proceedings Volume 6929, 692916 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776502

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Heat treatments, Actuators, Oxides, Nickel, Failure analysis, Homogenization, Thermal effects, Photomicroscopy, Aerodynamics

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Proceedings Article | 3 April 2008 Paper

Experimentally validated numerical analysis of aerostructures incorporating shape memory alloys

Darren Hartl, Jesse Mooney, Dimitris Lagoudas, James Mabe, Frederick Calkins

Proceedings Volume 6929, 692913 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776356

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, 3D modeling, Calibration, Data modeling, Finite element methods, Numerical analysis, Smart structures, Chemical elements, Composites, Actuators

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Proceedings Article | 2 April 2008 Paper

Influence of test procedures on the thermomechanical properties of a 55NiTi shape memory alloy

Santo Padula, Darrell Gaydosh, Ronald Noebe, Glen Bigelow, Anita Garg, Dimitris Lagoudas, Ibrahim Karaman, Kadri Atli

Proceedings Volume 6929, 692912 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776416

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Standards development, Actuators, Temperature metrology, Atrial fibrillation, Data modeling, Binary data, Solid state physics, Thermal modeling, Systems modeling

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Over the past few decades, binary NiTi shape memory alloys have received attention due to their unique mechanical characteristics, leading to their potential use in low-temperature, solid-state actuator applications. However, prior to using these materials for such applications, the physical response of these systems to mechanical and thermal stimuli must be thoroughly understood and modeled to aid designers in developing SMA-enabled systems. Even though shape memory alloys have been around for almost five decades, very little effort has been made to standardize testing procedures. Although some standards for measuring the transformation temperatures of SMA's are available, no real standards exist for determining the various mechanical and thermomechanical properties that govern the usefulness of these unique materials. Consequently, this study involved testing a 55NiTi alloy using a variety of different test methodologies. All samples tested were taken from the same heat and batch to remove the influence of sample pedigree on the observed results. When the material was tested under constant-stress, thermal-cycle conditions, variations in the characteristic material responses were observed, depending on test methodology. The transformation strain and irreversible strain were impacted more than the transformation temperatures, which only showed an affect with regard to applied external stress. In some cases, test methodology altered the transformation strain by 0.005-0.01mm/mm, which translates into a difference in work output capability of approximately 2 J/cm³ (290 in•lbf/in³). These results indicate the need for the development of testing standards so that meaningful data can be generated and successfully incorporated into viable models and hardware. The use of consistent testing procedures is also important when comparing results from one research organization to another. To this end, differences in the observed responses will be presented, contrasted and rationalized, in hopes of eventually developing standardized testing procedures for shape memory alloys.

Proceedings Article | 2 April 2008 Paper

Simultaneous transformation and plastic deformation in shape memory alloys

Darren Hartl, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 6929, 69291D (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.776583

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, 3D modeling, Finite element methods, Actuators, Thin films, Systems modeling, Thermal effects, Thermodynamics, Beam analyzers, Beam shaping

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Proceedings Article | 27 April 2007 Paper

Nonlinear dynamics and chaos in a shape memory alloy pseudoelastic oscillator

Luciano Machado, Dimitris Lagoudas, Marcelo Savi

Proceedings Volume 6525, 65250Y (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.715812

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Oscillators, Chaos, Numerical simulations, Nonlinear dynamics, Vibration isolation, Motion models, Thermal effects, Thermodynamics, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 20 April 2007 Paper

Thermomechanical characterization of a TiPdNi high temperature SMA under tension

Parikshith Kumar, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 6526, 65262E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.715806

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Palladium, Nickel, Actuators, Binary data, Temperature metrology, Aerospace engineering, Fabrication, Electrodes, X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 18 April 2007 Paper

Characterization and 3-D modeling of Ni60Ti SMA for actuation of a variable geometry jet engine chevron

Darren Hartl, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 6529, 65293Z (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.715764

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, 3D modeling, Finite element methods, Calibration, Data modeling, Chemical elements, Fluctuations and noise, Composites, Smart structures, Systems modeling

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This work describes the thermomechanical characterization and FEA modeling of commercial jet engine chevrons incorporating active Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) beam components. The reduction of community noise at airports generated during aircraft take-off has become a major research goal. Serrated aerodynamic devices along the trailing edge of a jet engine primary and secondary exhaust nozzle, known as chevrons, have been shown to greatly reduce jet noise by encouraging advantageous mixing of the streams. To achieve the noise reduction, the secondary exhaust nozzle chevrons are typically immersed into the fan flow which results in drag, or thrust losses during cruise. SMA materials have been applied to this problem of jet engine noise. Active chevrons, utilizing SMA components, have been developed and tested to create maximum deflection during takeoff and landing while minimizing deflection into the flow during the remainder of flight, increasing efficiency. Boeing has flight tested one Variable Geometry Chevron (VGC) system which includes active SMA beams encased in a composite structure with a complex 3-D configuration. The SMA beams, when activated, induce the necessary bending forces on the chevron structure to deflect it into the fan flow and reduce noise. The SMA composition chosen for the fabrication of these beams is a Ni60Ti40 (wt%) alloy. In order to calibrate the material parameters of the constitutive SMA model, various thermomechanical experiments are performed on trained (stabilized) standard SMA tensile specimens. Primary among these tests are thermal cycles at various constant stress levels. Material properties for the shape memory alloy components are derived from this tensile experimentation. Using this data, a 3-D FEA implementation of a phenomenological SMA model is calibrated and used to analyze the response of the chevron. The primary focus of this work is the full 3-D modeling of the active chevron system behavior by considering the SMA beams as fastened to the elastic chevron structure. Experimental and numerical results are compared. Discussion is focused on actuation properties such as tip deflection and chevron bending profile. The model proves to be an accurate tool for predicting the mechanical response of such a system subject to defined thermal inputs.

Proceedings Article | 6 April 2006 Paper

Application of a magnetic SMA constitutive model in the analysis of magnetomechanical boundary value problems

Björn Kiefer, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 6170, 617017 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.658560

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Data modeling, Shape memory alloys, Calibration, Anisotropy, Finite element methods, Actuators, Numerical analysis, Free space, Ferromagnetics

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Proceedings Article | 6 April 2006 Paper

Thermomechanical characterization of high temperature SMA actuators

Parikshith Kumar, Dimitris Lagoudas, Kevin Zanca, Magdalini Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 6170, 617012 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.658960

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Palladium, Nickel, Temperature metrology, Fabrication, Binary data, Aerospace engineering, Magnetism, Chemical elements

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2006 Paper

Nonlinear dynamics of a SMA passive vibration damping device

Luciano Machado, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 6169, 61690X (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.658062

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Oscillators, Numerical simulations, Thermodynamics, Temperature metrology, Vibration isolation, Nonlinear dynamics, Thermal effects, Aerospace engineering, Motion models

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2005 Paper

Modeling of the magnetic field-induced martensitic variant reorientation and the associated magnetic shape memory effect in MSMAs

Bjorn Kiefer, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 5761, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.600032

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Data modeling, Crystals, Thermodynamics, Shape memory alloys, Anisotropy, Calibration, Motion models, Actuators, Nickel

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Proceedings Article | 21 July 2004 Paper

Phenomenological modeling of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Bjorn Kiefer, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 5387, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.540081

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Crystals, Anisotropy, Shape memory alloys, Thermodynamics, Process modeling, Hassium, Motion models, Nonlinear crystals, Ferromagnetics

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Proceedings Article | 14 August 2003 Paper

Thermoelectric SMA actuator: preliminary prototype testing

Mughees Khan, Dimitris Lagoudas, Othon Rediniotis

Proceedings Volume 5054, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483880

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Transmission electron microscopy, Thermoelectric materials, Prototyping, Modulation, Data acquisition, Solid state physics, Phase shift keying, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 14 August 2003 Paper

Development of the fuel-powered compact SMA actuator: second generation actuator

Hyoung Jun, Richard Allen, Dimitris Lagoudas, Othon Rediniotis

Proceedings Volume 5054, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483879

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Neodymium, Combustion, Convection, Aluminum, Metals, Numerical analysis, Switches, Water

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 2003 Paper

Numerical studies of wave propagation in polycrystalline shape memory alloy rods

Dimitris Lagoudas, Peter Popov

Proceedings Volume 5053, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.484684

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Finite element methods, Electroluminescence, Wave propagation, Chemical elements, Numerical simulations, Error analysis, Numerical analysis, Temperature metrology, Thermodynamics

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 2003 Paper

Fatigue life characterization of shape memory alloys undergoing thermomechanical cyclic loading

Olivier Bertacchini, Dimitris Lagoudas, Etienne Patoor

Proceedings Volume 5053, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508207

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Corrosion, Actuators, Scanning electron microscopy, Failure analysis, Interfaces, Oxides, Chemical analysis, Surface finishing, Oxidation

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 2003 Paper

Effective properties of three-phase electro-magneto-elastic multifunctional composite materials

Jaesang Lee, James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 5053, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.484701

KEYWORDS: Composites, Magnetism, Finite element methods, Lithium, Protactinium, Homogenization, Particles, Epoxies, Americium, Ceramics

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2003 Paper

MEMS-based active skin for turbulent drag reduction

Raghavendran Mani, Dimitris Lagoudas, Othon Rediniotis

Proceedings Volume 5056, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483405

KEYWORDS: Skin, Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Thin films, Microelectromechanical systems, Silicon, Silicon films, Microfabrication, Content addressable memory, Polymers

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2003 Paper

Design of space systems using shape memory alloys

Olivier Godard, Magdalini Lagoudas, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 5056, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483469

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Thermoelectric materials, Vibration isolation, Ceramics, Actuators, Semiconductors, Interfaces, Space operations, Heat flux, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2003 Paper

Arrays of micro-electrodes and electromagnets for processing of electro-magneto-elastic multifunctional composite materials

James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas, Cheong-Soo Seo

Proceedings Volume 5055, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483590

KEYWORDS: Particles, Magnetism, Microelectromechanical systems, Liquids, Electrodes, Polymers, Composites, Optical spheres, Dielectrics, Microfabrication

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2003 Paper

Oscillatory forced-convection-cooled compact SMA actuator

Rajagopal Pachalla, Dimitris Lagoudas, Sharath Girimaji

Proceedings Volume 5055, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.483588

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Convection, Smart materials, Thermoelectric materials, Microfluidics, Thermal effects, Systems modeling, Thin films, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2002 Paper

Fabrication and testing of a shape memory alloy actuated reconfigurable wing

Justin Strelec, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 4701, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.474664

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Wind measurement, Smart materials, Smart structures, System integration, Fourier transforms, Aerospace engineering, Optimization (mathematics), Aerodynamics

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2002 Paper

Active skin for turbulent drag reduction

Othon Rediniotis, Dimitris Lagoudas, Raghavendran Mani, George Karniadakis

Proceedings Volume 4700, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.475023

KEYWORDS: Skin, Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Finite element methods, Content addressable memory, Turbulence, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Temperature metrology, Prototyping, Rapid manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2002 Paper

Effect of transformation induced plasticity on the mechanical behavior of porous SMAs

Dimitris Lagoudas, Pavlin Entchev, Eric Vandygriff

Proceedings Volume 4699, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.474979

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Data modeling, Fabrication, Nickel, 3D modeling, Composites, Absorption, Temperature metrology, Photomicroscopy, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2002 Paper

Modeling of shape memory alloy pseudoelastic spring elements using Preisach model for passive vibration isolation

Mughees Khan, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 4693, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.475230

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Vibration isolation, Data modeling, Dynamical systems, Systems modeling, Relays, Instrument modeling, Chemical elements, Motion models, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2002 Paper

Fuel-powered compact SMA actuator

Othon Rediniotis, Dimitris Lagoudas, Hyoung Jun, Richard Allen

Proceedings Volume 4698, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.475087

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Protactinium, Convection, Thermal efficiency, Numerical analysis, Energy efficiency, Power supplies, Switches, Control systems

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2001 Paper

Simplified shape memory alloy (SMA) material model for vibration isolation

Dimitris Lagoudas, John Mayes, Mughees Khan

Proceedings Volume 4326, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.436514

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Vibration isolation, Atrial fibrillation, Reverse modeling, Systems modeling, Instrument modeling, Smart structures, Thermodynamics, Motion models, Protactinium

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2001 Paper

Fabrication, modeling, and characterization of porous shape memory alloys

Dimitris Lagoudas, Pavlin Entchev, Eric Vandygriff

Proceedings Volume 4333, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.432750

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Nickel, Solid modeling, Fabrication, Diffusion, Composites, Absorption, Metals, Solids, Spherical lenses

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Proceedings Article | 19 June 2000 Paper

Intelligent design optimization of a shape-memory-alloy-actuated reconfigurable wing

Dimitris Lagoudas, Justin Strelec, John Yen, Mohammad Khan

Proceedings Volume 3984, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388778

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Genetic algorithms, Aerodynamics, Optimization (mathematics), Chemical elements, Binary data, Structural analysis, Computational fluid dynamics, Gallium

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Proceedings Article | 14 June 2000 Paper

Modeling of thermomechanical response of porous shape memory alloys

Dimitris Lagoudas, Pavlin Entchev, Eric Vandygriff, Muhammad Qidwai, Virginia DeGiorgi

Proceedings Volume 3992, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388233

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Composites, Finite element methods, Nickel, Diffusion, Absorption, Scattering, Solids, Combustion, Analytical research

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Proceedings Article | 14 June 2000 Paper

Thermomechanical transformation fatigue of SMA actuators

Dimitris Lagoudas, Changcheng Li, David Miller, Lijian Rong

Proceedings Volume 3992, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388225

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Heat treatments, Actuators, Annealing, Thermal effects, Temperature metrology, Tantalum, Information operations, Chlorine, Failure analysis

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Proceedings Article | 12 July 1999 Paper

Experiments of thermomechanical fatigue of SMAs

Dimitris Lagoudas, David Miller

Proceedings Volume 3675, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.352798

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Power supplies, Transducers, Failure analysis, Thermal effects, Relays, Amplifiers, Dielectrics, Scanning electron microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 9 June 1999 Paper

Development of a spined underwater biomimetic vehicle with SMA actuators

Othon Rediniotis, Dimitris Lagoudas, Luke Garner, Larry Wilson

Proceedings Volume 3668, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.350739

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Biomimetics, Chemical elements, Finite element methods, 3D modeling, Thermodynamics, Performance modeling, Information operations, Water

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Proceedings Article | 4 June 1999 Paper

Control of SMA actuators in dynamic environments

Glenn Webb, Larry Wilson, Dimitris Lagoudas, Othon Rediniotis

Proceedings Volume 3667, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.350142

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Control systems, Mathematical modeling, Performance modeling, Adaptive control, Systems modeling, Thermal modeling, Temperature metrology, Robotics

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 1998 Paper

Behavior of SMA actuators under nonproportional thermomechanical loading

Zhonghe Bo, Dimitris Lagoudas, David Miller

Proceedings Volume 3323, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.316353

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Data modeling, Smart structures, Thermal modeling, Binary data, Temperature metrology, Fluctuations and noise, Sun, Data acquisition

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 1997 Paper

Transformation of embedded shape memory alloy ribbons

Krishna Jonnalagadda, Nancy Sottos, Muhammad Qidwai, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 3039, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.276543

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Photoelasticity, Composites, Polymers, Finite element methods, Epoxies, Temperature metrology, Data modeling, Fringe analysis, Vibration control

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 1997 Paper

Theoretical and experimental investigations of an active hydrofoil with SMA actuators

Othon Rediniotis, Dimitris Lagoudas, Tomoka Mashio, Luke Garner, Muhammad Qidwai

Proceedings Volume 3039, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.276546

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Biomimetics, 3D modeling, Sensors, Finite element methods, Motion models, Temperature metrology, Water, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 1997 Paper

Performance analysis of thin-layer extensional thermoelectric SMA actuators

Dimitris Lagoudas, Abhijit Bhattacharyya

Proceedings Volume 3039, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.276544

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Thermoelectric materials, Semiconductors, Energy conversion efficiency, Information operations, Chemical elements, Heat flux, Convection, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 1996 Paper

Analysis of phase transformation fronts in SMA composites

Nancy Sottos, G. Kline, Muhammad Qidwai, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 2715, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240819

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Composites, Photoelasticity, Polymers, Epoxies, CCD cameras, Frame grabbers, Finite element methods, Numerical simulations, Vibration control

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 1996 Paper

Thermodynamic constitutive model for gradual phase transformation of SMA materials

Dimitris Lagoudas, Zhonghe Bo, Abhijit Bhattacharyya

Proceedings Volume 2715, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240824

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Thermodynamics, Temperature metrology, Statistical modeling, Composites, Crystals, Chemical elements, Lithium, Sun, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 22 May 1995 Paper

Thermodynamic constitutive model for cyclic loading of shape memory alloy materials with application to two-way training

Zhonghe Bo, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 2441, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.209790

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Thermodynamics, 3D modeling, Temperature metrology, Lithium, Mechanics, Composites, Aerospace engineering, Thermal modeling, Stress analysis

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Proceedings Article | 8 May 1995 Paper

Identification of the transient response of SMA embedded flexible rods

Brett deBlonk, Andrew Kurdila, Dimitris Lagoudas, Glenn Webb

Proceedings Volume 2443, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.208326

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Complex systems, Temperature metrology, Data modeling, Distributed computing, Kinematics, Control systems, System identification, Partial differential equations

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Proceedings Article | 5 May 1995 Paper

Thermo-electro-mechanical modeling and structural response of a flexible beam with external SMA actuators

G. Xu, Dimitris Lagoudas, J. Wen, Declan Hughes

Proceedings Volume 2442, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.208875

KEYWORDS: Thermal modeling, Shape memory alloys, Actuators, 3D modeling, Systems modeling, Beam shaping, Convection, Shape analysis, Control systems, Active vibration control

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 1995 Paper

Thermoelectric cooling of shape memory alloy actuators: theoretical modeling and experiment

Abhijit Bhattacharyya, Dimitris Lagoudas, Yu-Ping Wang, Vikram Kinra

Proceedings Volume 2427, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.200918

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 1995 Paper

Unified thermodynamic constitutive model and finite element analysis of active metal matrix composites

Zhonghe Bo, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 2427, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.200923

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 1995 Paper

Identification for a class of nonlinear models for shape memory alloy (SMA) embedded elastomeric rods

Zhonghe Bo, Andrew Kurdila, Dimitris Lagoudas, Glenn Webb

Proceedings Volume 2427, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.200936

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Proceedings Article | 6 May 1994 Paper

Deformations and thermal response of active flexible rods with enbedded shape memory alloy actuators

Zhonghe Bo, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 2190, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.175204

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Actuators, Chemical elements, Composites, Data modeling, Mechanics, Aerospace engineering, Thermal analysis, Structured optical fibers, Advanced distributed simulations

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 1994 Paper

Thermodynamical constitutive model for the shape memory effect due to transformation and reorientation

James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 2189, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.174064

KEYWORDS: Shape memory alloys, Kinematics, Thermodynamics, Composites, Crystals, Sun, Analytical research, Curium, Chromium, Diffusion

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 1993 Paper

Design of flexible rods with embedded SMA actuators

H. Pfaeffle, Dimitris Lagoudas, Iradj Tadjbakhsh, Kevin Craig

Proceedings Volume 1917, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.152808

KEYWORDS: Actuators, Shape memory alloys, Intelligence systems, Silicon, Polyurethane, Smart structures, Polymers, Error analysis, Kinematics, Autoregressive models

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 1993 Paper

Thermomechanical response of shape memory composites

James Boyd, Dimitris Lagoudas

Proceedings Volume 1917, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.152809

KEYWORDS: Finite element methods, Composites, Intelligence systems, Smart structures, Polymers, Modeling, Structured optical fibers, Thermal effects, Manufacturing, Fiber reinforced polymers

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Showing 5 of 86 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (3)

SPIE Conference Volume | 21 July 2004

Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

SPIE Conference Volume | 13 August 2003

Smart Structures and Materials 2003: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

SPIE Conference Volume | 2 February 1995

Active Materials and Smart Structures

Conference Committee Involvement (25)

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XIX

17 March 2025 | Vancouver, Canada

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XVIII

27 March 2024 | Long Beach, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XVII

13 March 2023 | Long Beach, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XVI

7 March 2022 | Long Beach, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XV

22 March 2021 | Online Only, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XIV

27 April 2020 | Online Only, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials XIII

4 March 2019 | Denver, Colorado, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites XII

5 March 2018 | Denver, Colorado, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites XI

26 March 2017 | Portland, Oregon, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites X

21 March 2016 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites IX

9 March 2015 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites VIII

10 March 2014 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites VII

10 March 2013 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites VI

12 March 2012 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites V

7 March 2011 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites IV

8 March 2010 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites III

9 March 2009 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials II

10 March 2008 | San Diego, California, United States

Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials

19 March 2007 | San Diego, California, United States

Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

27 February 2006 | San Diego, California, United States

Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

7 March 2005 | San Diego, California, United States

Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

15 March 2004 | San Diego, CA, United States

Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

3 March 2003 | San Diego, California, United States

Active Materials and Smart Structures

10 October 1994 | College Station, TX, United States

Symposium on Active Materials and Smart Structures: Society of Engineering Science 31st Annual Meeting

10 October 1994 | College Station, United States

Showing 5 of 25 Conference Committees

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