KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Point spread functions, Mirrors, Infrared telescopes, Binary data, James Webb Space Telescope, Photomasks, Wavefronts
We present the status of the development of a coronagraph for the Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and
Astrophysics (SPICA). SPICA is the next generation of infrared space-borne telescope missions following to AKARI,
led by Japan. SPICA will carry a telescope that has a 3.5 m diameter monolithic primary mirror and the whole telescope
will be cooled to 4.5 K. It is planned to launch SPICA into the sun-earth L2 libration halo orbit using H II-A rocket in the
middle of the 2010s and execute infrared observations at wavelengths mainly between 5 and 200 micron. The SPICA
mission gives us a unique opportunity for coronagraph observations, because of the large telescope aperture, the simple
pupil shape, the capability of infrared observations from space, and the early launch. We have started development of the
SPICA coronagraph in which the primary target is direct observation of extra-solar Jovian planets. The main
wavelengths of observation, the required contrast and the inner working angle (IWA) of the SPICA coronagraph
instrument are set to be 5-27 micron, 10-6, and a few λ/D (and as small as possible), respectively, in which λ is the
observation wavelength and D is the diameter of the telescope aperture (3.5m). We focused on a coronagraph with a
binary shaped pupil mask as the primary candidate for SPICA because of its feasibility. Nano-fabrication technology
using electron beam lithography was applied to manufacture a high precision mask and a laboratory experiment with a
He-Ne laser (λ=632.8nm) was performed in air without active wavefront control. The raw contrast derived from the
average measured in the dark region reached 6.7×10-8. On the other hand, a study of Phase Induced Amplitude
Apodization (PIAA) was started in an attempt to achieve higher performance, i.e., smaller IWA and higher throughput. A
hybrid solution using PIAA and a shaped pupil mask was proposed. A laboratory experiment was performed using a He-
Ne laser with active wavefront control via a 32×32 channel deformable mirror. A raw contrast of 6.5×10-7 was achieved.
Designs of binary shaped pupil mask are presented for the actual SPICA pupil which is obstructed by the telescope's
secondary mirror and its support. Subtraction of point spread function (PSF) was also evaluated.
We present the status of the development of a coronagraph for the Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and
Astrophysics (SPICA). SPICA is the next generation infrared space-borne telescope missions led by Japan. The SPICA
satellite will be equipped with a telescope that has a 3.5 m diameter monolithic primary mirror and the whole telescope
will be cooled to 4.5 K. The satellite is planed be launched early in the 2010s into the sun-earth L2 libration halo orbit
and execute infrared observations at wavelengths mainly between 5 and 200 micron. The SPICA mission gives us a
unique opportunity for coronagraph observations, because of the large telescope aperture, a simple pupil shape,
capability of infrared observations from space and the early launch. We have started development of the SPICA
coronagraph in which the primary target is direct observation of extra-solar Jovian planets. The main wavelengths of
observation, the required contrast and the inner working angle (IWA) of the SPICA coronagraph instrument are set to be
5-20 micron, 106, and approximately 5 λ/D respectively, whereλ is the observation wavelength and D is the diameter of
the telescope aperture. Coronagraphs using a checkerboard mask and a concentric ring mask have been investigated. We
found some solutions for the SPICA pupil, which has a large obstruction due to the secondary mirror and its supports.
We carried out laboratory experiments to examine coronagraphs obtained using checkerboard-type pupil masks with a
central obstruction. Nano-fabrication technology with electron beam was applied to manufacture a high precision mask
consisting of a patterned aluminum film on a glass substrate and its performance was confirmed by experiments with
visible light. Contrast higher than 106 was achieved. In the future, we will be developing a cryogenic mid-infrared
test-bed to investigate the SPICA coronagraphs.
Accurate polarization measurements are obtained by modern imaging polarimeter and spectro-polarimeter that often employ a rotating λ/2 retarder plate and a Wollaston prism. In this configuration, the linear Stokes parameter U is measured after the measurements of the Q parameter by rotating the retarder plate, or vice versa. However, the resultant accuracy is not satisfactory, because of the tracking error of the telescope and changes in atmospheric conditions. In order to enhance the polarimetric accuracy and observational efficiency, we are constructing an imaging polarimeter which can measure the two linear Stokes parameters Q and U, simultaneously. The polarimeter features an unpolarized beam splitter and two Wollaston prisms, allowing the simultaneous acquisition of the four polarized images without moving parts.
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