SignificanceThe interference-holographic method of phase scanning of fields of scattered laser radiation is proposed. The effectiveness of this method for the selection of variously dispersed components is demonstrated. This method made it possible to obtain polarization maps of biological tissues at a high level of depolarized background. The scale-selective analysis of such maps was used to determine necrotic changes in the optically anisotropic architectonics of biological tissues.ObjectiveDevelopment and experimental approbation of layered phase polarimetry of repeatedly scattered fields in diffuse layers of biological tissues. Application of scale-selective processing of the found coordinate distributions of polarization states in various phase sections of object fields. Determination of criteria (markers) for histological differential diagnosis of the causes of necrotic changes in optical anisotropy of biological tissues.ApproachWe used a synthesis of three instrumental and analytical methods. Polarization-interference registration of laser radiation scattered by a sample of biological tissue. Digital holographic reconstruction and layered phase scanning of distributions of complex amplitudes of the object field. Analytical determination of polarization maps of various phase cross-sections of repeatedly scattered radiation. Application of wavelet analysis of the distributions of polarization states in the phase plane of a single scattered component of an object field. Determination of criteria (markers) for differential diagnosis of necrotic changes in biological tissues with different morphological structure. Two cases are considered. The first case is the myocardium of those who died as a result of coronary heart disease and acute coronary insufficiency. The second case is lung tissue samples of deceased with bronchial asthma and fibrosis.ResultsA method of polarization-interference mapping of diffuse object fields of biological tissues has been developed and experimentally implemented. With the help of digital holographic reconstruction of the distributions of complex amplitudes, polarization maps in various phase sections of a diffuse object field are found. The wavelet analysis of azimuth and ellipticity distributions of polarization in the phase plane of a single scattered component of laser radiation is used. Scenarios for changing the amplitude of the wavelet coefficients for different scales of the scanning salt-like MHAT function are determined. Statistical moments of the first to fourth orders are determined for the distributions of the amplitudes of the wavelet coefficients of the azimuth maps and the ellipticity of polarization. As a result, diagnostic markers of necrotic changes in the myocardium and lung tissue were determined. The statistical criteria found are the basis for determining the accuracy of their differential diagnosis of various necrotic states of biological tissues.ConclusionsNecrotic changes caused by “coronary artery disease–acute coronary insufficiency” and “asthma–pulmonary fibrosis” were demonstrated by the method of wavelet differentiation with polarization interference with excellent accuracy.
The experimental methodologies of digital histology are presented, including: azimuthally-invariant polarization mapping of microscopic images of histological tissue sections of human internal organs; mapping of Mueller matrix invariants of linear and circular birefringence in histological tissue sections of human internal organs; polarization reconstruction of maps of linear and circular birefringence in histological tissue sections of human internal organs.
Within the framework of a statistical approach, physical correlations were determined between the central statistical moments of the 1st to 4th orders characterizing integral and layer-specific maps of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism in dehydrated films of biological fluids, as well as different types of architecture of optically anisotropic polycrystalline structures. Regularities and statistical scenarios of transformation were established for holographically reconstructed layer-specific spatially non-uniform distributions of phase and amplitude anisotropy parameters (magnitude and position of extrema, ranges of histogram variation) in dehydrated films of polycrystalline biological fluids.
The presented results are the outcomes of wavelet analysis of layered maps of polarization azimuth and ellipticity for diffuse images of biological tissues with the following pathologies: myocardium - "ischemic heart disease (IHD) - acute coronary insufficiency (ACI)". The coordinate maps and linear profiles of multiscale wavelet coefficients are provided, which characterize the coordinate distributions of azimuth and ellipticity values of the multiply scattered object field of optically thick layers of biological tissues with different morphological structures and pathological conditions in the phase cross-section 𝜃 = 𝜋⁄8, where the influence of the diffuse component is minimized. Tables of statistical moments of 1st to 4th orders are presented, which characterize the distributions of amplitude values of multiscale wavelet coefficients for maps of polarization azimuth and ellipticity of diffuse microscopic images, and diagnostic levels of differentiation accuracy for various pathological conditions are revealed.
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