This paper investigates the evolving landscape of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) in consumer and optical communication technologies. With Apple's GaAs-based VCSEL adoption for facial recognition and augmented reality, the industry has seen leaders like Lumentum and Coherent shape the GaAs VCSEL market. A new entrant, Sony, into Apple's supply chain resulted in market share lose where it reached more than 50% for Lumentum and Coherent in their consumer 3D sensing business. The surge in demand for higher data rate 100G VCSELs for 800G optical transceiver, representing 10% of the total VCSELs expected to be shipped in 2024, for short-reach optical interconnects is mainly driven by AI applications. In addition, we have identified new trends in the VCSELs technology to achieve long-wavelength emission in the range of 13xx nm opening the path for under-display 3D sensing and single mode emission for data communications. With respect to all these facts, Yole group forecasts the VCSELs market to reach $1.4B in 2028 with a CAGR22-28 of 6% driven by consumer and datacom applications.
GaN-based multi-quantum well devices are promising candidates as photodetectors in the UV to visible spectral range. Their complex structure and the extreme input optical power density still poses problems of reliability. In the devices under test, degradation takes place when the optical power density reaches values higher than 44 W/cm2 , and consists in a reduction in the efficiency of the device and in its output current. This degradation process is not sudden and is caused by a gradual increase in the defect concentration, detected by means of photocurrent spectroscopy experiments, that suggest the role of gallium vacancies and/or their complexes as the physical origin. A secondary effect is the reduction in open circuit voltage, likely originating from an improvement in dopant and/or contact quality.
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